And Juliet, she is the sun
So this has been nagging at the corner of my mind for a while - a long while, actually - but only just recently have I realized that I should really... write this essay out so that I don't have to flail around when I point these things out to someone I'm talking to on IRC. So here, have an essay on pagan symbolism in Bleach!
Updated Oct 11th, 2009: to add a section on Tarot symbolism! So there are now four sections!
Preface
I will be the first to tell you that I don't talk much about my own religion. Most people don't even realize I'm Wiccan, and that's because I don't talk about it! There are a couple reasons for that - first and foremost being that when I was younger, I went around telling absolutely everybody, and generally got two responses. I either got treated like a loony (and often invited to Sunday services at the local church, to ~save my soul~ or something), or I found myself attracting a very special kind of fruit loop. Neither of those things are very fun, and I still find both of them to be very true and pertinent, so I 'hide my light under a bushel' A LOT, so to speak. In fact, I'm usually embarrassed by other Wiccans and some of the wacky shit they do (and that is in part what prompted this essay ahahaha), which is why I tend not to talk about it at all!
I also feel religion should be a deeply personal experience and don't feel like sharing that with all and sundry anymore. And yeah, that's going to be the same here - this is mostly about symbolism that I've picked up over the years, and how much I like to lol at some of the stuff Bleach throws out there. But because I don't particularly care about all the characters and their various and sundry symbolism, I'm only covering three particular things that interest me.
Oh, and before I begin: this isn't mean to be some FASCINATING LOOK INTO THE TRUTH BEHIND BLEACH or whatever. This is just symbolism I've picked up on - I might be right, but I might also be totally screwed in the head. Symbols only run as deep as you let them. While I'm sitting there going "HOLY FUCKING SHIT, HE DREW ANOTHER MOON", KT might be sitting there going "Man, I just really fucking love drawing these moons - it makes me feel like I'm writing Sailor Moon!" Also, I got half-way through writing this and went "God, I sound like a fruitcake"... until I realized that this isn't any crazier than the BANDAGES!!1! essay or the people that claim IchiHime is ENDING FOREVER every other chapter or so. Also, sounding like a fruitcake is pretty much a requirement for any Wiccan, so I guess I'm right on course today.
I. The Devil and the Phoenix
Why is there religion in my science?! But alas, there is! Actually, this is one of the most hugely blatant things I think KT has pulled yet. Here, let's have a little comparison:
Compare the chapter art for chapter 306 to this picture of Baphomet.
And then go read the description of Baphomet. Put briefly, Baphomet is a false god, one created wholecloth by various people and groups for various things. He's generally associated with Satanism and the occult, particularly with Aleister Crowley.
Put briefly, Mayuri here is being compared to a devil, possibly Satan himself.
As for Szayel, I think this chapter art speaks for itself. I really don't think I have to explain Jesus to anyone. But to be sure, that is who he is being compared to. For one thing, phoenixes are sometimes associated with Jesus because they both rise from the dead. There's also the matter of Szayel being able to 'rise from the dead', so to speak, by means of reproducing asexually within the womb of his prey - an 'immaculate conception'. And the name of that move? Gabriel, which was also the angel in charge of that whole Annunciation business. Oh, and in case we've missed the point thus far, Szayel calls himself an 'immaculate being' and claims he's achieved perfection.
Upon further examination, one can see that this is a battle between two philosophies - Szayel's, which professes to have attained perfection, and Mayuri's, which spits in the face of perfection. Comparing this to religion, Mayuri's philosophy is scientifically sound - there is no such thing as perfection in nature - but is deeply profane. To say there is no such thing as perfection is to deny the very existence of divinity. Hence, the lowercase 'o' in 'Not Perfect is Good' - one can also read it as 'Not Perfect is God'. God's perfection is, by its very nature, a flaw.
Rather than the resolution of this fight being presented as grim and apocalyptic, however - Satan did just triumph over Jesus, after all - Mayuri is presented as being in the right (for once in his life). The moral seems to be that there is no such thing as perfection in nature - the only law that matters is the law that says that anything can be improved or changed. In this way, the story also resembles some of the philosophy of Taoism - this being that when something is 'too full' (that is, has too much of something, good or bad), it then necessarily has to decrease, because the only place to go from the top is down. Hence, "When you began spouting that nonsense about perfection, your fate was sealed" - the only place to go from perfection is ruin.
II. She is the Sun
Monotheism, as many of you might realize, only truly came into its own with the rise of Christianity (and a bit later, Islam). Before then, most religions held a pantheon of gods - the most famous of these are still the Greek and Roman deities. But in nearly all of these polytheistic religions, there is usually one head god and one head goddess, and these are usually based on the sun and the moon respectively.
The same is true of Wicca and neopaganism in general, too. Most traditions hold that the sun is a god, somewhat like the GrecoRoman Apollo and that the moon is a goddess, usually somewhat like Artemis. Along these lines, these two opposing natural phenomenon have developed into two general archetypes: the Horned God and the Goddess.
I'm not going to hunt down links because I'm going a lot off of the multitude of books I've read on this subject and also because sweet Jesus that would take forever. But briefly, each deity has three stages that represent three stages of human life. Each stage has its own strengths and weaknesses and none of them are any better or worse than the others. For the Goddess, these are Maiden, Mother, and Crone; for the God, these are Youth, Father, and Elder. I think the names are kind of self-explanatory, here.
You can also associate different times of the year with the different aspects of each. In the Spring, the God and Goddess meet and fall in love. In the Summer, they get married. In the Fall, the Goddess gives birth to the harvest. And in the Winter, one or both of them dies and travels to the underworld to rest until Spring, when they're reborn again. Traditions and folklore on this vary A LOT, but that's the general gist of things.
Each deity is also associated with a couple of core things. The God is the god of the hunt, and generally associated with hunting and killing (hence the horns), strength, manly man stuff, and death. The Goddess is associated with growing things, fertility, love, birth, rebirth, and life in general.
Japanese folklore also has its own set of sun and moon deities. However, unlike almost every other set, in Japanese folklore the sun is female and the moon is male. You might better know them as Amaterasu and Tsukuyomi. They don't really bear much resemblance to the neopagan God and Goddess, but this is all worth noting for reasons I'm about to get to in a second.
So where does this all come into Bleach at? Why am I even talking about this at all?
First, let's take a look at Ichigo and his relation to the moon and the God of Death.
For starters, there's the fact that the kanji for 'moon' is in the name of his sword and all of his attacks - the 'getsu' in Zangetsu and all of its moves. I really don't think I need to elaborate on this much - it's pretty self-explanatory. There's also the fact that he wears all black. Yes, all Shinigami wear the same thing, but it is part of his character design and worth acknowledging - it's partially because, hey, they're representatives of death to begin with!
And then there's the sheer number of times the moon randomly appears whenever there's an important Ichigo moment happening (or... an important moment in general). I could try to link to every time it happens, but really, KT fucking loves drawing moons. I'm not just talking about the Hueco Mundo arc - he's been doing this shit since chapter one, page one, panel one. Here, have a few more, in case you didn't catch them before.
We even get chapter titles like "Black Moon Rising" for this. Oh, and his astrological sign? Cancer, the sign ruled by the moon.
And then we get to chapter 350, and really, what the hell, guy. Let's think about this one for a moment. Most Arrancar (or whatever he is at the moment there) have some kind of recognizable form - for instance, Il Forte was a bull, Nel was a goat, Ulquiorra was a bat. But this isn't an animal. It's literally a human skull with horns. Ichigo is literally the Horned God of Death there (see what I did there? Ohoho so clever!). Also possibly worth noting is that he also has regenerative abilities in this form - so not just death, but rebirth also.
And in case this wasn't already starting to be kind of giggle-worthy, if you go back and look at a few of the chapters where he's fighting the inner hollow, they have titles like "Imminent God Blues" and "Tug Your God Out".
So if Ichigo's the moon, who is the sun? Let me be the first to theorize that Orihime is the one related to the sun. And everyone on my flist is now ready to throw a brick at my damn face (ETA: Apparently, after visiting FLOL again, I wasn't the first person to draw this conclusion. D'oh! Oh well!)
This one didn't really start to crop up until around the time Ulquiorra kidnapped her. That chapter's title? "The Sun Already Gone Down". Depending on your translation, Ulquiorra either tells Ichigo "The sun has already set in our hands", or "The sun has already set. The day is ours" (Viz's translation). Either way, the next page has Orihime in front of her healing shield, which coincidentally seems to resemble a setting sun. In fact, much later on, Aizen also famously compares her smile to the sun.
Then, a few chapters later, Aizen makes the remark that Orihime's powers are like a god's. Powers that, interestingly enough, can reverse any wound and even revive the dead! In short, they're the direct opposite of Ichigo's powers - his are based on death, and hers are based on life.
There's also the fighting in Hueco Mundo. Outside of Las Noches, it's always night. Inside the dome, it's always day. When Ichigo finally breaks into the dome, Ulquiorra promptly smacks him down and leaves him for dead. It's not until Grimmjow brings Orihime to heal him that he actually gets to really see the sun in Las Noches, so to speak. Furthermore, when he fights Ulquiorra for the last time (and subsequently dies and goes full!hollow), it's above the dome in the moonlight. This is also the first time Orihime's been outside of that dome, except to look at the moon through the bars of her room - here, she's entering the land of the dead to go to Ichigo, who has just died. He also doesn't actually revive until she cries for him (although, to be completely fair, he would've revived either way - her crying 'triggering' the event is pretty much just icing on the cake).
And finally, there are little things, like her costume change to an all-white outfit and the way that all of her powers contain the kanji for 'heaven' - 天 (ten) - in them. The ten thing doesn't look to be a big deal, at first, but if you've read the I Ching or know something about the way the trigrams work, 'ten' isn't just a place or space, it's an element. 'Heaven' doesn't just refer to a place where angels float on fluffy clouds and play harps, it is basically the essence of the 'light' element in Taoism, and the use of the kanji also retains some of that function. It refers to light, to creative force, to pure strength, to the sun and sky, to the white yang part of the yin-yang symbol. In Taoism, as in most other traditions, the element is male and represents the father of the family, but there it is.
As for the outfit, I will be honest and say that I didn't like it at first. This is mostly because of fandom and their inability to ever make icons or cosplay of Orihime in anything but the Hueco Mundo outfit. This also had an unfortunate tendency to coincide with their shipping her rabidly with Ulquiorra, which I also hate almost irrationally, so the two became conflated in my mind (and I'm still sure there's some correlation). It wasn't until I actually read the Hueco Mundo arc and actually realized that the outfit was supposed to contrast Ichigo that I stopped disliking it on sight. But for the record, some of the traditional Western meanings of the color white are purity, virginity, goodness, light, and life. In Japanese tradition, it's also a color of mourning and death - hence why all of Aizen's forces wear white. (Yes, color symbolism is funky like that - colors can mean different things in different cultures, or at the same time. Multiple colors can also mean the same thing - for instance, you could switch gold with white for a lot of meanings)
Finally, as far as astrological signs go, Orihime's is Virgo, the Virgin. It might not mean anything at all, but hey, she would be the Maiden aspect, wouldn't she? Otherwise, Virgo's a bit of an odd choice for her - for example, the archetypal Virgo character would be Sailor Mercury from Sailor Moon (the Sailors were designed basically to be archetypes of their zodiac signs - Mercury 'rules' Virgo).
III. The Descent of the Goddess
There exists a particular breed of legend across quite a few pagan traditions in which the Goddess travels to the Underworld, for whatever the reason. Traditionally, this is used to explain the changing of the seasons - the Goddess of Life goes to the land of the dead, causing nature to wither away and die for the winter; when she resurfaces in the spring (either through reincarnation or of her own accord), life comes back to the world and everything regrows, starting the cycle again.
Probably the most famous of these (I even used to have an English textbook with this particular story in it) is the story of Persephone being abducted to the Underworld by Hades. There is also the story of Innana traveling of her own free will to the Underworld. In fact, this is such a common motif that Wiki has a page specifically for stories like these (you won't be surprised to find there's a Shinto legend in this vein, about Izanagi and Izanami). And not surprisingly, Wicca also has its own version.
In general, the story goes like this: For whatever reason, the Goddess (or sometimes the God) travels to the Underworld. This can be for a variety of reasons - to gain power, to gain the knowledge of life and death, through abduction, to rescue his/her dead consort, etc, etc, etc. While there, she is granted an audience with the King (or sometimes, rarely, Queen) of the Underworld (who himself is usually the most mature aspect of the God), who then absorbs her into the Underworld itself - usually either through marriage, punishment, or some form of training. The Goddess is then recognized as the Queen of the Underworld and gains some new and amazing power over reincarnation or something similar. When it's time for spring to come, she is either rescued or comes back to the regular world through her own free will to start the yearly cycle over again. Sometimes there's a child born from this union, which is the God for the next year.
So we come to the Hueco Mundo arc in Bleach, which draws some pretty strong parallels to this particular branch of folklore at points (mostly at the beginning). You have a female character compared to a god (Orihime) make a journey (through her abduction) to the Land of the Dead (Hueco Mundo). There, she meets the King of the Dead (Aizen), who compels her to stay with him (by coercively enlisting her in his army), and offers her knowledge and power in return (by telling her about the true nature of her powers), thus enabling her to effectively raise the dead (she could not do this before coming to Hueco Mundo - she only thought she could heal catastrophic wounds).
Aizen himself is pretty interesting in this respect, since he himself has a decently strong tie to the moon himself (with the name of his sword, which means "Mirror Flower, Water Moon"). This also may explain the name of his palace - Las Noches - when everything under its dome is under a false sun. Also interesting is that he not only put that sun into Hueco Mundo, but he also brought Orihime there, as well. There is also another subset of folklore related to the Summer aspect of the God (the Holly King) fighting the Winter aspect (the Oak King) and either succeeding or dying, depending upon the season. So it may be that Aizen is intended to be a dark mirror to Ichigo, with similar symbolism. It may also be that Ichigo will kill Aizen and take his place as the King of the Dead (although I'm sure KT will jerk us the hell around a lot before anything like that happens, augh).
Interestingly, also, is that with this particular legend tying into the cycle of the year, this legend is usually given to happen around the time of the mid-autumn cross-quarter - in other words, Samhain or Halloween. That's the time of year that everything really starts to die off rapidly; hence, the Goddess of fertility has gone beneath ground.
Honestly, this idea wouldn't have even really struck me if I hadn't been looking through old chapters of Bleach and noticed a random date stuck into the middle of one of the chapters. KT did keep careful track of time at the beginning of the series (particularly in the SS arc, when time was crucial to rescuing Rukia, although I'll be damned if I can keep up with how those days moved, with all the constantly changing execution dates), but up until this point, we hadn't been given an actual date for several chapters. And after this page, I don't think another date has appeared in Bleach since. Either way, we can construct a rudimentary time-line from this date:
- Oct 29th: Luppi brings his crew to Karakura as a distraction, which lures Orihime into the dangai. (ch 229-233) Ulquiorra corners her there and tells her she has until midnight to say goodbye to one person. Orihime then visits Ichigo (who is bedridden from Luppi and Grimmjow's attack) and then disappears at midnight. (ch 237)
- Oct 30th: Ichigo wakes up, healed and apparently well-rested, and is informed that Orihime is missing. He then proceeds to yell at Yamamoto a lot. (ch 238)
- Oct 31st: It appears that a day has passed, since Ichigo shows up at school with bags under his eyes (presumably from either not sleeping or sleeping poorly). This is also where he drops the bandages off at Vizard HQ (HAHA BANDAGES YOU GUYS!!1! - that will never NOT be funny now okay). Later that night, he approaches Urahara, who sends him to Hueco Mundo. (ch 239)
Alternately, you could say that the events I have listed as happening on the 30th and 31st happened on the same day (you could say he visited Orihime's apartment very early in the morning, and he was extremely tardy to school, ran by the Vizard HQ, and somehow developed bags under his eyes in the space of a few hours), but I don't think it makes as much sense as my timeline. Either way, he would still have left on the night of the 30th and early morning of the 31st, so the same significance still holds.
Honestly, this is one that I can't believe is a coincidence - why give a date when KT had otherwise stopped giving them? There was a month-long timeskip in there, too - why bother with that when dates had otherwise been fuzzy beforehand? Even if it's something as minor as "hee hee going to the land of the dead on Halloween", I still think there's something there - it's pretty much just icing on the cake that everything else matches up with a particular set of myths fairly well.