You know when a lens says it's a 300mm lens, what exactly does that mean? How far away can you zoom into an image and make it look like you're a few feet away?
the length of the camera lens (which is listed as a range usually in the specs) is the total distance between the lens and the sensor. so a 300mm lens can get 300mm away from the camera sensor... allowing a telephoto shot.
in laymans terms it is the zoom. the bigger the number the greater the zoom (and the smaller the number the better for macrophotography and stuff).