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(Reuters Life!) - Detroit, Los Angeles and Cleveland are the most stressful cities in America, according to a new study.
"Detroit has a lot of things going against it. It topped nearly all our standards for our stress test, although it was rarely number one," said Portfolio.com editor J. James Moss. "Across the board, it was bad."
Riverside in California and St. Louis in Missouri rounded out the top five stressful cities.
Portfolio.com, a national business and news website for small business executives, looked at unemployment rates, personal finance data, environmental, health and living standards and crime rates to compile the ranking of 50 cities.
"Detroit has been plagued with high unemployment, a really distressed housing market and is burdened with high crime. It doesn't really seem like it has much hope," Moss explained.
He added that the list was done using statistical data analysis, rather than interviews with local residents about their levels of stress.
"We didn't interview residents ... People will have always have some civic pride that could counter statistical figures," he said.
New York City captured the No. 6 spot, followed by New Orleans, Chicago, Birmingham and Miami-Fort Lauderdale.
At the other end of the scale Salt Lake City was ranked as the least stressful city, thanks to its low crime rates, high health standing and employment, and its easy commutes.
Virginia Beach in Virginia, and Minneapolis-St.Paul also scored high for their low-stress living.
Moss said he hoped the list would be useful to both employers, employees, and those without jobs.
"I believe that there are a couple of different people who could look at this. For a small business person or entrepreneur, for example, or for most people that want to start a business, the common belief is that less stress leads to happier employers and happier customers, and hopefully a bigger payout. Employees looking for a job would also go to a place where they will be less stressed," he said.
Other less stressful cities included Raleigh in North Carolina, Austin in Texas, Denver, San Antonio and Kansas City.
Moss noted that stress levels seem to be increasing across America's major cities for a variety of factors, most notably the economy.
"Unemployment and the general state of the economy are certainly adding to stress, especially in larger metropolitan areas in which most workers live," he said.
Portfolio.com and bizjournals analyzed a broad range of factors to pinpoint the metros that subject their residents to unusually high or low amounts of stress. The following are the 10 indicators included in the study, along with a brief summary of the worst and best markets.
Unemployment: The recession has taken a toll all across the country, leaving 20 of the 50 biggest metros with double-digit unemployment. Las Vegas is the worst at 14.5 percent, followed by Riverside at 14.4 percent, based on midyear data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Washington, with 6.4 percent unemployment, fares the best.
Income growth: Income levels dropped in 47 of the 50 markets between 2008 and 2009, says the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The worst drops belong to Las Vegas, Charlotte, and San Jose. Who are the three fortunate gainers? Virginia Beach, Pittsburgh, and Baltimore.
Poverty: Memphis has the worst poverty problem in the study group, with 13.9 percent of its families officially classified as poor by the U.S. Census Bureau. San Antonio and Houston are next on the poverty scale. Washington, on the other hand, has the lowest metropolitan poverty rate, 4.7 percent.
Deaths from circulatory-system diseases: New Orleans has the highest number of deaths caused by heart failure, hypertension, and stroke, a rate of 414.4 per 100,000 residents, based on Centers for Disease Control records for 2006. Pittsburgh and Cleveland are almost as bad. The lowest rates belong to Austin, Raleigh, and Salt Lake City.
Sunshine: Pittsburgh is the gloomiest market, attracting only 45 percent of possible sunshine in a typical year, according to the National Climatic Data Center. Seattle, Buffalo, and Portland, Oregon, are nearly as dark. The sunniest metros are Las Vegas and Phoenix at 85 percent.
Unhealthy air: A sweep for California. Sacramento, Los Angeles, and Riverside suffer the worst ozone problems in the study group, as measured in 2008 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Another California metro, San Francisco, has the smallest ozone level, followed by Minneapolis-St. Paul and Portland.
Robberies: Cleveland has the worst rate, 827.5 robberies per 100,000 residents, based on central-city records compiled in 2009 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. St. Louis and Cincinnati are the next worst, while Virginia Beach has the lowest robbery rate, 103.6 per 100,000.
Murders: New Orleans is the deadliest city on the list, with 51.7 murders per 100,000 residents in 2009. St. Louis and Detroit are the runners-up. The safest city is Salt Lake City, with 2.2 murders per 100,000. The rates in Austin and San Jose are nearly as low.
Commuting: Traffic is a grind in the New York City area, where the typical commute to work takes 34.55 minutes, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Washington and Chicago also have serious congestion. Roads run free and easy in Buffalo (20.78 minutes) and Oklahoma City (21.35).
Housing costs: Affordability is based on a comparison of median home values and median household incomes, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. Three California markets (Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Jose) have the worst ratios, while Buffalo, San Antonio, and Pittsburgh enjoy the most affordable housing.
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