A lot of people on Neogaf are Technophilic, Transhumanist or just optimistic, so I figure a thread focused on the sort of things we can look forward to in the near future would be nice, inspiring even - so I present to you, my attempt at such a thread.
The Skin Gun
National Geographic Link
WikiLink
What?
So what is this? It's a gun that sprays out a liquid solution, made from healthy patient stem cells, that when applied on a burn can evenly and effectively regrow new and healthy skin.
Why?
Well traditional methods grow skin in labs, and apply them over the area - but this isn't very even, very effective and it takes weeks to grow. Depending on the severity of the burn, it could also create a few more complications. Basically, this is a huge step forward not only in the skin growing field, but in regenerative medicine.
When?
Currently in the human trial stages, have already been a dozen successful trials - it seems to be a success. Get reading for a Grey's Anatomy episode where someone get's their face burned off during a heart felt monologue, then gets shot in the face with this gun, it's coming.
In-Vitro Meat
WikiLink
What?
Well it's simple, it's lab grown meat. Basically using a process similar to growing a skin culture for a burn victim, they've figured out a way to grow meat.
Why?
There are still a lot of ethical dilemmas people face when they eat meat - the production of the meat on the farms is a major concern to a lot of animals rights proponents, this would essentially eliminate that problem, the middle men (the animals) would be gone.
When?
Recently, there has been a successful trial in which a slap of pork was made. It wasn't the right firmness, and it wasn't very big, and no one wanted to taste it - but it worked. Heres hoping I eat a test-tube sausage within the decade!
Semantic Engines
WikiLink
Wolfram Alpha - Almost there
Ted Talks Link
What?
So this is simple enough in concept - it's basically breaking down the barrier pulled up because of speaking the language of software. The ability to have a real conversation with your computer, or with a website or even a search engine. "I'm looking for a nice place to vacation" "Tropical, snowy, etc? What would you like sir" "Someone place tropical, with a nice beach, and comparatively cheap if possible" "Beep Bop Boop Beep - Here you go!"
Why
The hope is, one day we will talk, or type to our computers and they will understand not just what we say, but what we mean. The distinction is important. Some say that being able to understand semantics is one of the first major steps towards true AI. Also imagine in a game, for example, where game understood what you wanted from it, instead of you having to speak it's language.
When
There is a link to the WolfRamAlpha site up a bit, and that is an example of taking the steps toward a semantic engine. I can't give you a real time frame other than, soon hopefully, within the decade.
Artificial Intelligence
WikiLink
What?
Artificial Intelligence is the study of intelligence and how to create it. The definition of "intelligence" is very ambiguous, and experts in the field often disagree about how to define it.
Why?
The replication of intelligence in artificial systems allows us to "outsource thinking". They can perform repetitive or undesirable tasks that require thinking. When they can do things better and faster than humans can, it frees up the humans to do other tasks that require their attention.
The end-state of A.I. research is the creation of "Strong A.I.", which is an intelligence that can do everything a human can do, better than a human can do it. This will inevitably transform society, with humans no-longer being required perform any tasks in particular unless they want to for some reason (or do not trust an A.I. in the role, i.e. running countries).
When?
Now! Artificial Intelligence has produced hundreds of useful applications we use in every-day life, whether we realize it or not. The most visible is search-engine technology such as Google. Other applications include automated natural language translation tools, computer opponents in video games, automated design of objects using evolutionary or genetic algorithms, inventory management tools for stores, GPS navigation, facial recognition software, voice recognition software and much more. These are seldom recognized as "Artificial Intelligence" by the general public for several reasons; the public is unfamiliar with the field, the public doesn't understand how it works, and they are never marketed as artificial intelligence. Usually, A.I. applications are just considered software when they are brought to market because there is a stigma associated with the term A.I. in business circles.
From the Stottler Henke A.I. Glossary:
A.I. software is already better than humans at performing many specific tasks, the game of chess for example. It will however be a long time before we realize Strong A.I. or anything approaching it, perhaps 30 years or more. Optimistic estimates based on Moore's law and naive analysis argue for Strong A.I. to appear in the 2020's, although this is a questionable date.
3D Printing
WikiLink
TED Talk on Organ Printing
What?
So, this is fascinating. Right now, in it's infancy, we can make simple doodas and gadgets, but soon, who knows? Essentially what this does is, similar to printing a 2D image on a piece of paper, you print a 3d image without a paper base, but just by building layer upon layer. If you remember that scene from the 5th element where Lelu get's rebuilt, that's a good example.
Why?
One day something like this could drastically change our entire manufacturing process. And let's not forget the prospects this has in the medical field, there is research in 3D printing things like teeth and bone - Yeah, awesome right?
When?
We currently have simple 3D printers that make pretty useless objects, but it is projected that within 10 years we'll have, for example, 3D printers that can be used in the medical field to grow teeth. The technology is here right now, so there is no 'magic date' - instead, what uses you will see for these devices will increase over the years.
Fusion
WikiLink
What?
The holy grail of energy. Nothing can beat this, nothing can surpass this. This is the sun.
Fusion is the process that happens inside the sun, it's what gives it power. Here is an explanation better than I can give from the wiki:
Why?
This would be the cleanest, most effective and abundant source of power available if created.
When?
One day, maybe within our lifetimes (hopefully) Energy consumption as we know it will change, everything we use for energy now pales in comparison to this concept. There are many different groups working to make this a reality, and if it happens, I am sure it will look really really cool.
Military Robots
WikiLink
What?
There are a lot of different designs, implementations and future concepts for military robots. We already have drones target bombing locations, and we have simple recon robots running around. There are, however, a lot of other more interesting robots in the works. Some for navigating tough terrain while carrying the packs of soldiers, some for doing the work of a scout, sniper and foot soldier all in one.
Why?
I'm not really much of a fan of war, or fighting, or hitting things, but I can't deny the progress made in robotics pushed forward by the war machine. Hopefully, these breakthroughs will find there way back to society in less violent niche's. I would love a little robot MetalGearDog following me around, carrying my groceries. Maybe one day.
But in terms of practical military use - it would be reduced casualties, more possibilities, and one day, even fighting a war by proxy.
When?
It's happening right now.
Robotic Prosthetics
WikiLink
What?
Some amazing stuff here. Doctors/Scientists have found ways to link robotic prosthetic limbs with the nervous system, muscles and brain - the results are limbs that are responsive, can 'feel' and are slowly even beginning to look realistic.
Why?
Well, regular prosthetics are mostly plastic objects, that do little in the way of practical implementation. Ideally, a robotic prosthetic would be as good as a brand new arm, maybe even better - depending on the ethical quandaries that arise from it, we might see prosthetics that augment someone's ability.
When?
Soon. Right now there have been plenty of prototypes that can move and feel. Some have even been sold commercially. It's projected that within 20 years, they'll be cheap enough to be used as a go-to prosthetic.
PRT(Personal Rapid Transit/Transport)
WikiLink
What?
Essentially, imagine a mix between taxi's and subways - except unmanned. You go to a designated stop, get in your transport device, and you're off. No need to go to 'stops', no need to obey the laws of traffic, you just go from A to B.
Why?
Well, this would be an extremely quicker method than what we have available for public transportation. It might cut down on cars on the road, reduce emissions and change the way we 'move' in other ways too.
When?
There are a lot of interesting implementations in the works, and some basic concepts already out there - personally this is the way I hope public transportation goes.
Self-Driving Cars
WikiLink
Amazing Ted Talks video
What?
See now this is just cool. The idea is, by modifying cars with the proper sensory devices and an on board computer, you'll remove the need for a driver. And if that isn't a perk enough, it is suggested that the computer would remove much of the human error that leads to accidents. The computer can navigate most any obstacle, and do it quicker than a human could.
Why?
Considering there are something like 300k vehicular deaths in the United states per year, that is a big issue. The end goal for some is a system in which cars not only can navigate obstacles by themselves, but where multiple self driving cars communicate amongst themselves, and road side computers to drive in the most efficient way possible. That means quicker trips, less traffic and less energy consumption. Win Win Win.
When?
It won't be soon. We'll see more and more prototypes, and we'll see more examples, but I doubt we'll have a commercial implantation within the decade. I think one of the biggest hurdles is public fear - a self driving car is too terminatory for some.
Graphene
WikiLink
Little descriptive video
Interesting concept video
What?
Amazing material. Stronger than steel, ridiculously thin, can be flexible and can conduct electricity extremely well. All and all, sometimes referred to as our generations 'plastic'.
Why?
This removes so many of our constraints with production. Strength in something thin and transparent, something flexible, something that conducts electricity - some even say it will replace silicon, extending the lifecycle of Moore's Law.
When?
Now, we'll start seeing more and more Graphene in the next few years, but it's a thing, now we just need to figure out what we can do with it.
If this thread becomes kind of popular, I might expand on it, and add more things to the OP
. For now, discuss if ya want.
EDIT: Going to slowly pad the OP - there's a lot of room for detail.
Thanks to some posters, particularly ThoseDeafMutes for some material

The Skin Gun
National Geographic Link
WikiLink
What?
So what is this? It's a gun that sprays out a liquid solution, made from healthy patient stem cells, that when applied on a burn can evenly and effectively regrow new and healthy skin.
Why?
Well traditional methods grow skin in labs, and apply them over the area - but this isn't very even, very effective and it takes weeks to grow. Depending on the severity of the burn, it could also create a few more complications. Basically, this is a huge step forward not only in the skin growing field, but in regenerative medicine.
When?
Currently in the human trial stages, have already been a dozen successful trials - it seems to be a success. Get reading for a Grey's Anatomy episode where someone get's their face burned off during a heart felt monologue, then gets shot in the face with this gun, it's coming.
In-Vitro Meat
WikiLink

What?
Well it's simple, it's lab grown meat. Basically using a process similar to growing a skin culture for a burn victim, they've figured out a way to grow meat.
Why?
There are still a lot of ethical dilemmas people face when they eat meat - the production of the meat on the farms is a major concern to a lot of animals rights proponents, this would essentially eliminate that problem, the middle men (the animals) would be gone.
When?
Recently, there has been a successful trial in which a slap of pork was made. It wasn't the right firmness, and it wasn't very big, and no one wanted to taste it - but it worked. Heres hoping I eat a test-tube sausage within the decade!

Semantic Engines
WikiLink
Wolfram Alpha - Almost there
Ted Talks Link
What?
So this is simple enough in concept - it's basically breaking down the barrier pulled up because of speaking the language of software. The ability to have a real conversation with your computer, or with a website or even a search engine. "I'm looking for a nice place to vacation" "Tropical, snowy, etc? What would you like sir" "Someone place tropical, with a nice beach, and comparatively cheap if possible" "Beep Bop Boop Beep - Here you go!"
Why
The hope is, one day we will talk, or type to our computers and they will understand not just what we say, but what we mean. The distinction is important. Some say that being able to understand semantics is one of the first major steps towards true AI. Also imagine in a game, for example, where game understood what you wanted from it, instead of you having to speak it's language.
When
There is a link to the WolfRamAlpha site up a bit, and that is an example of taking the steps toward a semantic engine. I can't give you a real time frame other than, soon hopefully, within the decade.

Artificial Intelligence
WikiLink
What?
Artificial Intelligence is the study of intelligence and how to create it. The definition of "intelligence" is very ambiguous, and experts in the field often disagree about how to define it.
Why?
The replication of intelligence in artificial systems allows us to "outsource thinking". They can perform repetitive or undesirable tasks that require thinking. When they can do things better and faster than humans can, it frees up the humans to do other tasks that require their attention.
The end-state of A.I. research is the creation of "Strong A.I.", which is an intelligence that can do everything a human can do, better than a human can do it. This will inevitably transform society, with humans no-longer being required perform any tasks in particular unless they want to for some reason (or do not trust an A.I. in the role, i.e. running countries).
When?
Now! Artificial Intelligence has produced hundreds of useful applications we use in every-day life, whether we realize it or not. The most visible is search-engine technology such as Google. Other applications include automated natural language translation tools, computer opponents in video games, automated design of objects using evolutionary or genetic algorithms, inventory management tools for stores, GPS navigation, facial recognition software, voice recognition software and much more. These are seldom recognized as "Artificial Intelligence" by the general public for several reasons; the public is unfamiliar with the field, the public doesn't understand how it works, and they are never marketed as artificial intelligence. Usually, A.I. applications are just considered software when they are brought to market because there is a stigma associated with the term A.I. in business circles.
From the Stottler Henke A.I. Glossary:
The great practical benefits of AI applications and even the existence of AI in many software products go largely unnoticed by many despite the already widespread use of AI techniques in software. This is the AI effect. Many marketing people don't use the term "artificial intelligence" even when their company's products rely on some AI techniques. Why not? It may be because AI was oversold in the first giddy days of practical rule-based expert systems in the 1980s, with the peak perhaps marked by the Business Week cover of July 9, 1984 announcing, Artificial Intelligence, IT'S HERE.
James Hogan in his book, Mind Matters, has his own explanation of the AI Effect:
"AI researchers talk about a peculiar phenomenon known as the "AI effect." At the outset of a project, the goal is to entice a performance from machines in some designated area that everyone agrees would require "intelligence" if done by a human. If the project fails, it becomes a target of derision to be pointed at by the skeptics as an example of the absurdity of the idea that AI could be possible. If it succeeds, with the process demystified and its inner workings laid bare as lines of prosaic computer code, the subject is dismissed as "not really all that intelligent after all." Perhaps ... the real threat that we resist is the further demystification of ourselves...It seems to happen repeatedly that a line of AI work ... finds itself being diverted in such a direction that ... the measures that were supposed to mark its attainment are demonstrated brilliantly. Then, the resulting new knowledge typically stimulates demands for application of it and a burgeoning industry, market, and additional facet to our way of life comes into being, which within a decade we take for granted; but by then, of course, it isn't AI."
A.I. software is already better than humans at performing many specific tasks, the game of chess for example. It will however be a long time before we realize Strong A.I. or anything approaching it, perhaps 30 years or more. Optimistic estimates based on Moore's law and naive analysis argue for Strong A.I. to appear in the 2020's, although this is a questionable date.
3D Printing
WikiLink
TED Talk on Organ Printing

What?
So, this is fascinating. Right now, in it's infancy, we can make simple doodas and gadgets, but soon, who knows? Essentially what this does is, similar to printing a 2D image on a piece of paper, you print a 3d image without a paper base, but just by building layer upon layer. If you remember that scene from the 5th element where Lelu get's rebuilt, that's a good example.
Why?
One day something like this could drastically change our entire manufacturing process. And let's not forget the prospects this has in the medical field, there is research in 3D printing things like teeth and bone - Yeah, awesome right?
When?
We currently have simple 3D printers that make pretty useless objects, but it is projected that within 10 years we'll have, for example, 3D printers that can be used in the medical field to grow teeth. The technology is here right now, so there is no 'magic date' - instead, what uses you will see for these devices will increase over the years.

Fusion
WikiLink

What?
The holy grail of energy. Nothing can beat this, nothing can surpass this. This is the sun.
Fusion is the process that happens inside the sun, it's what gives it power. Here is an explanation better than I can give from the wiki:
The fusion of two nuclei with lower masses than iron (which, along with nickel, has the largest binding energy per nucleon) generally releases energy while the fusion of nuclei heavier than iron absorbs energy. The opposite is true for the reverse process, nuclear fission.
In the simplest case of hydrogen fusion, two protons have to be brought close enough for the weak nuclear force to convert either of the identical protons into a neutron forming the hydrogen isotope deuterium. In more complex cases of heavy ion fusion involving two or more nucleons, the reaction mechanism is different, but the same result occursone of combining smaller nuclei into larger nuclei.
Why?
This would be the cleanest, most effective and abundant source of power available if created.
When?
One day, maybe within our lifetimes (hopefully) Energy consumption as we know it will change, everything we use for energy now pales in comparison to this concept. There are many different groups working to make this a reality, and if it happens, I am sure it will look really really cool.

Military Robots
WikiLink


What?
There are a lot of different designs, implementations and future concepts for military robots. We already have drones target bombing locations, and we have simple recon robots running around. There are, however, a lot of other more interesting robots in the works. Some for navigating tough terrain while carrying the packs of soldiers, some for doing the work of a scout, sniper and foot soldier all in one.
Why?
I'm not really much of a fan of war, or fighting, or hitting things, but I can't deny the progress made in robotics pushed forward by the war machine. Hopefully, these breakthroughs will find there way back to society in less violent niche's. I would love a little robot MetalGearDog following me around, carrying my groceries. Maybe one day.
But in terms of practical military use - it would be reduced casualties, more possibilities, and one day, even fighting a war by proxy.
When?
It's happening right now.
Robotic Prosthetics
WikiLink

What?
Some amazing stuff here. Doctors/Scientists have found ways to link robotic prosthetic limbs with the nervous system, muscles and brain - the results are limbs that are responsive, can 'feel' and are slowly even beginning to look realistic.
Why?
Well, regular prosthetics are mostly plastic objects, that do little in the way of practical implementation. Ideally, a robotic prosthetic would be as good as a brand new arm, maybe even better - depending on the ethical quandaries that arise from it, we might see prosthetics that augment someone's ability.
When?
Soon. Right now there have been plenty of prototypes that can move and feel. Some have even been sold commercially. It's projected that within 20 years, they'll be cheap enough to be used as a go-to prosthetic.

PRT(Personal Rapid Transit/Transport)
WikiLink
What?
Essentially, imagine a mix between taxi's and subways - except unmanned. You go to a designated stop, get in your transport device, and you're off. No need to go to 'stops', no need to obey the laws of traffic, you just go from A to B.
Why?
Well, this would be an extremely quicker method than what we have available for public transportation. It might cut down on cars on the road, reduce emissions and change the way we 'move' in other ways too.
When?
There are a lot of interesting implementations in the works, and some basic concepts already out there - personally this is the way I hope public transportation goes.
Self-Driving Cars
WikiLink
Amazing Ted Talks video

What?
See now this is just cool. The idea is, by modifying cars with the proper sensory devices and an on board computer, you'll remove the need for a driver. And if that isn't a perk enough, it is suggested that the computer would remove much of the human error that leads to accidents. The computer can navigate most any obstacle, and do it quicker than a human could.
Why?
Considering there are something like 300k vehicular deaths in the United states per year, that is a big issue. The end goal for some is a system in which cars not only can navigate obstacles by themselves, but where multiple self driving cars communicate amongst themselves, and road side computers to drive in the most efficient way possible. That means quicker trips, less traffic and less energy consumption. Win Win Win.
When?
It won't be soon. We'll see more and more prototypes, and we'll see more examples, but I doubt we'll have a commercial implantation within the decade. I think one of the biggest hurdles is public fear - a self driving car is too terminatory for some.

Graphene
WikiLink
Little descriptive video
Interesting concept video
What?
Amazing material. Stronger than steel, ridiculously thin, can be flexible and can conduct electricity extremely well. All and all, sometimes referred to as our generations 'plastic'.
Why?
This removes so many of our constraints with production. Strength in something thin and transparent, something flexible, something that conducts electricity - some even say it will replace silicon, extending the lifecycle of Moore's Law.
When?
Now, we'll start seeing more and more Graphene in the next few years, but it's a thing, now we just need to figure out what we can do with it.
If this thread becomes kind of popular, I might expand on it, and add more things to the OP
EDIT: Going to slowly pad the OP - there's a lot of room for detail.
Thanks to some posters, particularly ThoseDeafMutes for some material