Edit: I have merged various information(s). The additional information should act as a stimulus that may or may not contribute but they are all inter-connected nevertheless.
2013 Study
Gender Swapping and User Behaviors in Online Social Games
2014 Study
The strategic female: gender-switching and player behavior in online games
Kotaku
A new study reported on by Slate found that men are much more likely to gender switch in online games than women. Researchers recruited 375 World of Warcraft players and had them cooperate in small groups for about 1.5 hours. The biggest finding? 23 percent of men opt to play as women, but only 7 percent of women try taking a walk on the (generally) hairier side.
So these men role-played to an extent, perhaps somewhat unconsciously, while inhabiting idealized bodies they'd dreamed up. Article author and Ubisoft research scientist Nick Yee noted that this sort of behavior is actually fairly typical of people given avatars drastically or even subtly different from their own bodies. If an avatar is tall, he observed, people tend to be more aggressive in their actions. So basically, people unconsciously paint personalities in broad strokes. They act out what they know, so they fall back on stereotypes without really thinking about it.
The men in the World of Warcraft study failed miserably, however, when it came to movement and other less easily monitored/altered habits.
Credits to Kotaku and Slate
Counterparts
Ms. Male Character - Tropes vs Women in Video Games
Sexual harassment is rife online. No wonder women swap gender
Supplementary Information
This is an interesting study all thought outdated - it covers only 2005-2010.
Abstract
Video games have often drawn criticism for stereotypical depictions of women as passive partners for the (male) protagonist in such situations as the cliché “save the princess” scenario or as sex objects present primarily for the gratification of a male audience.
Assumptions
Limitations
Credits to Selling Gender: Associations of Box Art Representation of Female Characters With Sales for Teen- and Mature-rated Video Games
Supplementary Information 2
Respectable female protagonists, heroines and characters
Joanna Dark
Elena Fisher
Faith Connors
Cate Archer
Jade a.k.a. 'Shauni'
Liara T'Soni
Anya Stroud
Alyx Vance
Sarah Kerrigan
Samus Aran
Ellen
Rayne
Alicia Claus
Jennifer Tate
Lilith
Madison Paige
Aya Brea
Shanoa
Yuna
Nariko
Amaterasu
Clementine
Tifa Lockhart
Lara Croft
Cortana
Chun Li
Chun Li is one of the most popular female characters in all of gaming and for good reason, she’s a strong street fighter and undercover international cop in a quest to kick Bison to death and avenge her father’s death. Since her debut the fighting community has rightfully bestowed this Chinese beauty the honorable title of being the “First Lady of Gaming”.
Chell
Demographics and Confessions
The Videogame That Finally Made Me Feel Like a Human Being
The Next Frontier - Female Gaming Demographics
2013 Study
Gender Swapping and User Behaviors in Online Social Games
Abstract
Modern Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) provide lifelike virtual environments in which players can conduct a variety of activities including combat, trade, and chat with other players. While the game world and the available actions therein are inspired by their offline counterparts, the games' popularity and dedicated fan base are testament to the allure of novel social interactions granted to people by granting them an alternative life as new characters and personae. In this paper we investigate the phenomenon of "gender swapping," which refers to players choosing avatars of genders opposite to their natural ones. We report the behavioral patterns observed in players of Fairyland Online, a globally serviced MMORPG, during social interactions when playing as in-game avatars of their own real gender or genderswapped, and discuss the effect of gender role and self-image in virtual social situations and the potential of our study for improving MMORPG qualities and detection of fake online identities.
2014 Study
The strategic female: gender-switching and player behavior in online games
Abstract
As players craft and enact identities in digital games, the relationship between player and avatar gender remains unclear. This study examines how 11 in-game chat, movement, and appearance behaviors differed by gender and by men who did and did not use a female avatar – or ‘gender-switchers’. Drawing on social role and feminist theories of gender, we argue that gender differences in behavior align with the social roles and norms that establish appropriate and inappropriate behavior for men and women. Thus we complicate questions of ‘gender-switching’ by examining not only player gender, but also player psychological Gender Role as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory to examine how gender does – and does not – manifest in digital worlds. Analysis revealed that men may not necessarily seek to mask their offline gender when they use a female avatar, but there is evidence they do reinforce idealized notions of feminine appearance and communication. Movement behaviors, however, show no differences across men who do and do not gender-switch. That is, selecting avatar gender may be less a matter of identity expression, and more a strategic selection of available multi-modal codes that players take up in their navigation of this digital space.
Kotaku
A new study reported on by Slate found that men are much more likely to gender switch in online games than women. Researchers recruited 375 World of Warcraft players and had them cooperate in small groups for about 1.5 hours. The biggest finding? 23 percent of men opt to play as women, but only 7 percent of women try taking a walk on the (generally) hairier side.
"When selecting female avatars, these men strongly preferred attractive avatars with traditional hairstyles—long, flowing locks as opposed to a pink mohawk. And their chat patterns shifted partway toward how the real women spoke: These men used more emotional phrases and more exclamation points than the men who did not gender-switch. In other words, these men created female avatars that were stereotypically beautiful and emotional".
So these men role-played to an extent, perhaps somewhat unconsciously, while inhabiting idealized bodies they'd dreamed up. Article author and Ubisoft research scientist Nick Yee noted that this sort of behavior is actually fairly typical of people given avatars drastically or even subtly different from their own bodies. If an avatar is tall, he observed, people tend to be more aggressive in their actions. So basically, people unconsciously paint personalities in broad strokes. They act out what they know, so they fall back on stereotypes without really thinking about it.
The men in the World of Warcraft study failed miserably, however, when it came to movement and other less easily monitored/altered habits.
"The researchers found that all the men in their study moved around in a very different way than the women. The men moved backward more often, stayed farther away from groups, and jumped about twice as much as the women did. When it came to moving around, the men behaved similarly whether they gender-switched or not".
Credits to Kotaku and Slate
Counterparts
Ms. Male Character - Tropes vs Women in Video Games
Sexual harassment is rife online. No wonder women swap gender
Why Women Play Male Characters?Female gamers are used to putting up with sexist claptrap - both from the companies that design games and other players. So a study by psychologists at Nottingham Trent University showing that 70% of them chose to construct male characters when given the option by online games, should come as no surprise.
Supplementary Information
This is an interesting study all thought outdated - it covers only 2005-2010.
Abstract
- A sample of 399 box art cases from games with ESRB ratings of Teen or Mature released in the US during the period of 2005 through 2010; a subset of games that are most often targeted at young males and are the most likely to feature sexualized women.
- A sample drawn from a sampling frame of about 6400 games with US sales of at least 10,000 copies; specifically, games had to be released in the US for a major home console (Nintendo GameCube, DS or Wii, Sony PS2, PS3 or PSP, or Microsoft Xbox or Xbox 360) in the period of 2005 through 2010.
- Sales were positively related to sexualization of non-central female characters among cases with women present.
- Sales were negatively related to the presence of any central female characters (sexualized or non-sexualized) or the presence of female characters without male characters present.
Video games have often drawn criticism for stereotypical depictions of women as passive partners for the (male) protagonist in such situations as the cliché “save the princess” scenario or as sex objects present primarily for the gratification of a male audience.
Assumptions
- Studies completed on video games sold in the US have shown that female characters are not given representation equal to male characters in video games and are often created from a male perspective that is less than “realistic,” exaggerating their sexual or feminine traits
- Sexualized representations of women are used in video games because such depictions increase game sales.
- Female characters are usually cast in supporting rather than central roles while male characters take central roles because the predominantly male audience is better able to identify with a male protagonist
- The research question explored here is whether particular depictions of female (and male) characters on game box art, specifically the presence, centrality, and sexualization of female characters and the presence and centrality of male characters, are related to sales.
- It is expected that “sex sells,” but only when the sexualized women portrayed are also depicted as marginalized, consistent with a gender coding of the game that fits cultural stereotypes
- Most popular Nintendo games of the time often placed female characters in either a passive, helpless role as a “damsel in distress” motivating the actions of the male protagonist or a negatively-valued, sexualized role as a “bad girl” minor antagonist
- Half of the female characters in a content analysis of game play videos were playable (Haninger & Thompson, 2004) and a fifth of female characters in a content analysis of game reviews were playable and therefore active rather than passive
- Female characters were more likely than male characters to be depicted as sex objects, sexier, more attractive or in ways that were sexually suggestive.
- When female characters were pictured as dominant they also were more likely to be portrayed as hypersexualized.
- Most of the women either wore revealing clothing or were at least partially nude.
- Measurement of their body proportions suggested that female characters in games aimed at older players were thinner than adult females in the US, in contrast, male characters in those games were proportional to actual sizes of adult US males
Limitations
- While box art is a widely accessible advertisement of video game content, it is far from the only form of advertisement and may produce an incorrect estimate of the incidence of female characters and highly sexualized female characters in games themselves.
- The box art examined in this study was for games marketed in the US only.
- The sample did not include PC games or free-to-play games.
Credits to Selling Gender: Associations of Box Art Representation of Female Characters With Sales for Teen- and Mature-rated Video Games
Supplementary Information 2
Respectable female protagonists, heroines and characters
Joanna Dark
Born with a spinal injury that left her unable to walk before the age of 5, Joanna Dark spent her life exceeding expectations and rising to the occasion. Even as a simple bounty hunter aiding her father Jack, Jo embodied professionalism and commitment to getting the job done, even when loved ones and friends were lost in the process.
Elena Fisher
We generally hold investigative journalists in high esteem regardless of their are of expertise, but it's Elena Fisher's skills off-camera that most impress us. Anyone who knows the Uncharted name immediately ties the title and no-hold-barred action to leading man Nathan Drake, but those who have played the games know that Elena is no damsel in distress or 'voice of an earpiece,' but a full-fledged counterpart to Drake's bravado and confidence.
Faith Connors
As part of the rebellion against a totalitarian regime taking over the City in which Mirror's Edge is based, we find ourselves rooting for Faith regardless of context. The fact that she practices her rebellion by acting as an illegal courier across rooftops where the police 'Blues' and City Eyes can't intercept her just makes her even more impressive.
Cate Archer
The quintessential counterpoint to James Bond's 007, cat burglar-turned-secret-agent Cate Archer is one of the most underrated leads in one of the most underrated modern shooters - the fact she's a woman is an afterthought.
Jade a.k.a. 'Shauni'
Jade's role in Beyond Good & Evil has been the subject of much criticism, naming her one of the most important female game characters ever, as much for what she is as what she is not. Created by Ubisoft's Michel Ancel to embody something relatable, not simply sex appeal, Ancel ultimately made a female protagonist who distinguishes herself by her choices, not her skills or appearance.
Liara T'Soni
Some people might settle for earning the title of the most learned and knowledgeable source of information concerning a now-extinct race of galactic engineers. Indeed, the world of gaming is full of such experts. But after Dr. Liara T'Soni stepped from her mother's shadow to do just that, and uncovered the secrets of Prothean extinction, she moved on.
Anya Stroud
From the very beginning of the Gears of War series, Anya Stroud distinguished herself as an intelligence officer unlike any other. Not just because she saw Marcus Fenix for who he was, not the traitor and deserter he was accused of being, but for her own dedication to the COG.
Alyx Vance
As a leading figure in the Resistance movement in City 17, anyone who isn't a Combine-sympathizer likely found Alyx Vance one of the highlights of Half-Life 2 and the following Episodes. Painstakingly designed by Valve and given a voice and writing that manged to be warm, trustworthy, but also confident and assertive, she was a success on all fronts.
Sarah Kerrigan
Sarah Kerrigan. A powerful telepath from an early age, Kerrigan was quickly trained to be one of the Terran Confederacy's 'ghosts'; soldiers with unmatched psionic abilities, entrusted with the most covert and pivotal operations.
Samus Aran
This is a no-brainer. She was the first, she was the best, and she still remains one of the most beloved characters Nintendo has in its stable. Granted we didn't actually know Samus Aran was a woman the first time we played through Metroid, but once we discovered it, we were never the same. Not only was the hero of the game a woman, but she was one of the deadliest people in the galaxy.
Ellen
After growing up in an orphanage, Ellen visits the remote Irish village of Doolin to discover something about her parents. What she gets instead is a slightly terrifying fantasy world full of a twisted version of Pokémon. Yet she takes it all in stride, and even puts those little monsters to work for her.
Rayne
Rayne is the definition of an anti-heroine; she's the protagonist of the Bloodrayne series, but she's not exactly a beacon of morality. She is a murderous vampire, after all. And though she's hyper-sexualized, what do you expect from the ultimate human predator?
Alicia Claus
Yeah, she's a witch. But she's a good witch, we swear! She uses her powers over nature to fight demons, and her massive gunrod is sexy and empowering. She's cute, too.
Jennifer Tate
We always appreciate when gender roles in video games are reversed, considering how ingrained the save-the-princess thing is in our culture. In Primal, Jennifer goes on a terrible journey to rescue her boyfriend. We hope our girlfriend would do the same.
Lilith
Lilith shares the Borderlands stage with tons of other protagonists, especially if you count the sequel, but her phasewalking ability is one of the most useful powers in the series. We love that she even got some lines and a fleshed-out story in Borderlands 2—all praise The Firehawk!
Madison Paige
Madison is one of four protagonists in Heavy Rain, but she might be the most compelling. Not least of which for the shower scene, which we obviously appreciated. But her influence on the story is invaluable, particularly in her presence making Ethan less of an apathetic dick.
Aya Brea
Aya is one of the most loved female characters of the PlayStation generation, and even her PSP adventure from 2010—The 3rd Birthday—was well-received. And that's saying a lot for a PSP game.
Shanoa
Shanoa is the leader of the DS Castlevania game's eponymous Order of Ecclesia, the group that steps up to defeat Dracula when the Belmonts are nowhere to be seen. And that's no easy task. It probably helps that certain story events have wiped away all her memories and emotions.
Yuna
Final Fantasy X was, at the time, the only game in the series to receive a direct sequel, in the form of Final Fantasy X-2. Some saw it as overkill, but we were okay with it, since it gave us another excuse to step into the supple boots of the capable summoner Yuna.
Nariko
We much prefer Nariko to developer Ninja Theory's later female heroine, Trip. Nariko is fighting for her life and her people in Heavenly Sword; Trip, meanwhile, literally slips a slave collar onto Enslaved's other protagonist, Monkey, while he's knocked out. Who does that?
Amaterasu
Amaterasu is pretty killer as a heroine. She wields the celestial brush to draw enemies in half and make the sun rise. That's the privilege of the sun goddess, after all. And she's an adorable white wolf. There's literally nothing we don't like about her.
Clementine
Clementine is the focus of plenty of rescues in Telltale's The Walking Dead game, but we'd argue that she's a heroine in her own right. She saves Lee's life in the very first episode, and she even becomes a right little badass once he teaches her how to wield a gun.
Tifa Lockhart
Tifa puts up with a lot in Final Fantasy VII, running the bar, hosting Avalanche meetings, helping take care of Marlene, and even taking care of Cloud when he's suffering his massive breakdown partway through. We're still not sure where she falls in terms of the whole Cloud/Zack thing, but suffice to say she's a trooper the whole time. And unlike Aeris, she doesn't get herself killed before the first disc's even over.
Lara Croft
Lara Croft may be the most iconic female character in gaming, but let's not forget that she was designed from the get-go to be little more than a male fantasy of a woman. A dual pistol-wielding, tiger-kicking male fantasy, but a jiggly male fantasy nonetheless. Whether Crystal Dynamics' new reboot of the character can alter that remains to be seen.
Cortana
Who hasn’t wished for its very own Cortana AI? Think about it, she’s super smart, gives the best advice, good with computers and totally loyal. She’s a friend till the end kind of girl, the only downside? She’s so smart she only lasts for about 7 years, she literally thinks herself out of commission. There was only room for one Artificial Intelligence in this list and Cortana made the cut, after all this hot piece of data proved crucial to the survival of mankind, can’t really imagine Master Chief saving the galaxy with GLADOS behind him can you?
Chun Li
Chun Li is one of the most popular female characters in all of gaming and for good reason, she’s a strong street fighter and undercover international cop in a quest to kick Bison to death and avenge her father’s death. Since her debut the fighting community has rightfully bestowed this Chinese beauty the honorable title of being the “First Lady of Gaming”.
Chell
Chell is the silent protagonist of Portal who is set with the task of breaking several laws of physics in order to make her way through the Aperture Science Enrichment Center.
Demographics and Confessions
The Videogame That Finally Made Me Feel Like a Human Being
The Next Frontier - Female Gaming Demographics