Speed is how fast the move is until it hits. There's 60 frames a second.
Block, hit and counter hit is how many frames you gain or lose when a move is blocked/hits/counter hits. You can't do anything on negative frames, including block.
For example, you use Jin's 4 and your opponent blocks it. You're on -8 (your opponent is on +8), which means anything they do comes out 8 frames before you can act. Or let's say your opponent does a move that puts them on -14 frames on block. Once you block it, if you were to use Jin's 4, it would be guaranteed because they can't block anything for 14 frames.
Or say your opponent blocks Jin's 4, and then you both do 1, a 10f jab. Yours would hit first because you were at +1 frames and so it starts 1f sooner, and it would be a counter hit because you're interrupting their attack.
Where it says CS, it means crumple stun. You might also see something like KD (knock down) or JG (juggle). Your opponent can't block at all in these states obviously.
Probably best to
read this or just YouTube a better explanation.