Political scientists will tell you that women do OK at the ballot box. Being a woman doesnt hurt you in an election, said Kathleen Dolan, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. What she means is that, when women run for political office, they win at about the same rate men do. Likewise, a candidates gender doesnt seem to affect the amount of money she is able to raise for her campaign. And, should she fumble in her leadership, she isnt judged more harshly than her male counterparts. But those rosy facts come from a body of research aimed at understanding the large gender-based disparities in American politics. With an average of 16.9 percent, the United States was 91st in female political representation at the national legislative level in 2011, behind more than 50 democratic nations. (It hasnt gotten particularly better since.) Being a woman may not hurt you in an election, but it definitely seems to have an impact on the process of getting to that election largely because women themselves are reluctant to run. And theres reason to believe that reluctance could have a lot to do with how some women who do run experience a sort of sexism that scientific research isnt really documenting.
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But that doesnt mean there is no sexism, said Schneider, Dolan, and other political scientists. And it doesnt mean sexism isnt having an impact on elections. Instead, sexism may be inconsistently affecting women who run for political office, depending on factors such as which job a specific woman is running for, whats happening in the world when she runs, and her personality and history. In current U.S. society, sexism doesnt often take the form of a mustachioed villain cackling about his refusal to vote for any woman ever. Its more likely to play out in nuanced and complex ways. And those nuances are difficult for the current science to capture.