(5) Booking U.S. tax on foreign profits. In 2012 Pfizer booked about $2.2 billion of U.S. tax expenses "as a result of providing U.S. deferred income taxes on certain current-year funds earned outside the U.S. that will not be indefinitely reinvested overseas." If the residual U.S. tax rate on these earnings was 25 percent, this would correspond to $8.8 billion, or 52 percent of the total before-tax foreign profits of $16.8 billion in 2012.
The booking of deferred tax liability on unremitted foreign profits is unusual. It is now routine for companies to treat all of their foreign profits as permanently or indefinitely reinvested so there is no need to record U.S. tax liability on their unrepatriated foreign profits. (Apple Inc. is one notable exception. See Tax Notes, Feb. 13, 2012, p. 777.) If the $2.2 billion of deferred U.S. tax liability was not recorded for foreign profits in 2012, the reported effective tax rate would have been 3 percent instead of the 21.2 percent actually reported.
Also in its 2012 Form 10-K report, Pfizer stated that tax-deferred liabilities of similar amounts were booked for 2010 and 2011 ($2.5 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively) for current-year profits earned outside the United States. In 2011, if this expense were not recorded, Pfizer's effective tax rate would have been 14.7 percent instead of the 31.8 percent reported. In 2010, if this expense were not recorded, its effective tax rate would have been -14.2 percent instead of the 12.2 percent reported.
Why did Pfizer book this expense? It is possible it wanted to avoid the public scrutiny a low reported tax rate might attract and reduce what is now called reputation risk. Another explanation is that it had no choice. "The shifting of substantial income out of the United States has hoisted some U.S. multinationals on their own petard," said professor J. Richard Harvey of Villanova University School of Law. "It may be that some like Pfizer have shifted so much income offshore that they may be having difficulty justifying to their auditors that 100 percent of their foreign income is permanently reinvested."
The Bottom Line
Over the last half decade, Pfizer has put all of its profits outside the United States despite high prices in the United States, more than 40 percent of its sales in the United States, and a heavy concentration of research in the United States. It appears U.S. transfer pricing rules and the arm's-length standard are working well for the company. If it weren't for U.S. taxes on repatriated profits, Pfizer's tax picture would be far rosier. But cash needs and accounting requirements have upset the apple cart.
To help fund its acquisition of Wyeth in 2009, Pfizer repatriated $36 billion, paid U.S. tax on those billions of dollars, and avoided any impact on its reported profit. Beginning in 2010, Pfizer has been booking more than $2 billion annually in U.S. tax liability on its foreign profits, but it is not actually making payments corresponding to that liability. If we remove the effects of these deferred U.S. tax liabilities from the effective tax rate calculations, as well as the effects of one-time settlements with the IRS and other tax authorities, the company's effective tax rates for 2010, 2011, and 2012 would have been 12, 18, and 15 percent, respectively, instead of the 12, 32, and 21 percent reported, as shown in Figure 6.
Pfizer needs cash to pay dividends, pay down debt incurred for the Wyeth acquisition, buy back shares, and perhaps acquire more U.S. companies. At the same time, it is under pressure to shore up its after-tax earnings as patents on profitable drugs expire faster than they can be replaced. If there was ever a company that could use another tax holiday -- or generous transition rules to a territorial system -- Pfizer is it.