I finished school in less than 2 weeks, actually. I'm asking more so where to start on planning ahead for this. I'm thoroughly interested in recommendations for learning to read and write Japanese also. I know its going to be a lot to learn and do but I'm absolutely willing to do it. I've been wanting to go to Japan since I was 8 years old. I'm now 22 and greatly desire to spread out my life experiences and learn more about Japanese pastry (yes, I'm also aware its influenced by french pastry which is what I'm currently attending school for). I would also be completely open to attending a school in Japan or just building experience here then moving there. My program I'm becoming certified in is only 6 months, not a 4 year school because its unnecessary for learning pastry. The school provides the fundamentals to establish your ground then you go out and work to build experience. I'm currently interning at a restaurant while in school as well, I've been there for 3 months and will be receiving a raise to a pastry cook at their new restaurant after graduation.
I know most careers in Japan will require a higher degree of some sort or more experience, I'm simply looking for recommendations for how to approach things. Would an internship in Japan be the best place to start looking rather than a job? I'm open to all recommendations, frankly.
Full disclosure: I don't have direct experience with your industry, only with the process for my firm's international interns.
So, let's cut to the chase. I don't think your school or studies will be eligible for a visa. Actually I know they won't. This is what I assumed when I read your original post:
http://www.ciachef.edu/baking-and-pastry-arts-bachelors-degree-program-ny/
The other issue with finding an internship or apprenticeship is those are usually tied to a student visa that is based on you studying at a school and having their permission to work part time hours. However, being accepted to such a school would require some serious effort on your part. This will probably come down to a case of who you know more than what you know. If your current school doesn't have a partnership, you'd have to independently apply which puts you at a serious disadvantage.
The other type of internship would be a private one through a company or foundation. For example:
http://www.goabroad.com/intern-abroad/search/culinary-arts-cooking/internships-abroad-1
These are usually short stays at some sponsor location, but the quality of these are varying and they can be quite competitive. You can usually find these easily through any recruiting site. It's possible that certain mnc hotels or restaurants offer these opportunities so you might want to fish around a bit on career sites or linkedin.
Also realize that these methods would require you to be able to support your living costs (assuming you don't get s private scholarship). I'd say about $5k US for up to 2 months stay. Even then, there's no way you'd be able to stay longer as the visa issue would arise again.
You really need a 4 year degree to have 'easy' access to a visa. Otherwise you put yourself at the mercy of a lot of different schools or companies and are always limited in time.
As for Japanese, the gaf thread has had a recent resurgence. Luckily for you, if you're serious about wanting to make all of this a reality, the usual posters in the thread are all working at accelerated paces. Unfortunately, the op is outdated and there's no relevant beginner guide. If I get more time as the holidays get closer, I plan to make a more casual guide for those earlier in their studies.