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New Yorker: The Torturing of Mentally Ill Prisoners

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Mumei

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I read this today while I was at work, and it's horrifying. It's absolutely absurd to me that the guards are given the degree of deference they are.

Obviously, I can't share more than a few excerpts in this post, but it's a must-read. On a couple occasions I've placed excerpts that are connected next to each other, even if that isn't precisely the order they appear in the full article:

Shortly after Harriet Krzykowski began working at the Dade Correctional Institution, in Florida, an inmate whispered to her, “You know they starve us, right?” It was the fall of 2010, and Krzykowski, a psychiatric technician, had been hired by Dade, which is forty miles south of Miami, to help prisoners with clinical behavioral problems follow their treatment plans. The inmate was housed in Dade’s mental-health ward, the Transitional Care Unit, a cluster of buildings connected by breezeways and equipped with one-way mirrors and surveillance cameras. “I thought, Oh, this guy must be paranoid or schizophrenic,” she said recently.

In response to her concerns, guards began retaliating by leaving her alone with groups of prisoners, taking an inordinate amount of time to open doors. Why these aren't fireable offenses baffles me.

One Saturday in June, 2012, Krzykowski was finishing a shift when she heard that an inmate in the T.C.U. named Darren Rainey had defecated in his cell and was refusing to clean it up. He was fifty years old, and, as Krzykowski recalls it, he gave people unnerving looks, “like he was trying to see inside you.” He had been convicted of possession of cocaine, and suffered from severe schizophrenia.

“What’s going on with Rainey?” Krzykowski asked a guard.

“Oh, don’t worry, we’ll put him in the shower,” he told her.


Krzykowski remembers hearing this and feeling reassured. “I was thinking, O.K., lots of times people feel good after a shower, so maybe he will calm down. A nice, gentle shower with warm water.”

The next day, Krzykowski learned from some nurses that a couple of guards had indeed escorted Rainey to the shower at about eight the previous night. But he hadn’t made it back to his cell. He had collapsed while the water was running. At 10:07 P.M., he was pronounced dead.

Krzykowski assumed that he must have had a heart attack or somehow committed suicide. But the nurses said that Rainey had been locked in a stall whose water supply was delivered through a hose controlled by the guards. The water was a hundred and eighty degrees, hot enough to brew a cup of tea—or, as it soon occurred to Krzykowski, to cook a bowl of ramen noodles. (Someone had apparently tampered with the T.C.U.’s water heater.) It was later revealed that Rainey had burns on more than ninety per cent of his body, and that his skin fell off at the touch.

Krzykowski said to the nurses that, surely, there would be a criminal investigation.

“No,” one of them told her. “They’re gonna cover this up.”

At least eight other inmates in the T.C.U. endured abuse in a scalding shower. Among them was Daniel Geiger, who is now at the Lake Correctional Institute, near Clermont, Florida. When I spoke with his mother, Debra, who lives in North Carolina, she told me that she had not seen her son in several years, because prison officials had denied him visitation rights, claiming that he was dangerously unstable. She said that she had last talked to him in 2012, on the phone, shortly after he was transferred out of Dade. It was a brief conversation, and he appeared to have been overmedicated: he spoke with a slur and could not pronounce simple words. He told her that his weight had dropped from a hundred and seventy-eight pounds to a hundred and five. Although she was alarmed by this news, she did not suspect that he had been abused, only that “something was being hidden” from her.

In late February, Geiger was finally permitted to visit her son. She described him to me as being “at death’s door,” a gaunt figure with sunken eyes who mistook her for his wife and growled at the guards when they called his name. His arms were skeletal—“no wider than my wrists,” she said—and there were deep-red marks on his neck. When she asked him what had happened at Dade, he peered up at the ceiling, pressed his face against the glass partition separating them, and said, “I don’t want to talk about it.” She said that when her son was taking the right combination of medications he was relatively stable—a point that she impressed on the warden before leaving. “I told him that I kept him more or less normal for thirty-three years, and you all have destroyed him in seven,” she said.

Krzykowski recalled that, as a child, her sister had occasionally stood up to their father, whereas she had always tried to win his affection by impressing him; when this failed, as it invariably did, she retreated into herself. Now, once again, she was trapped in an environment where she felt afraid to speak out. Even observing misconduct in the T.C.U. was risky, since the guards were on alert for the presence of anyone who might potentially expose them. If abuse was happening, “the politically safest thing was to excuse yourself and go to the bathroom,” Krzykowski said. “Don’t be a witness.”

Earlier this year, the Miami-Dade medical examiner delivered a copy of Rainey’s autopsy report to state prosecutors. The report has not been made public, but its contents were leaked to the media. It concluded that the guards at Dade had “no intent” to harm Rainey, and that his death was “accidental.” This was technically correct—the aim of the “shower treatment” was to punish and torture Rainey, not to murder him. But the report implicitly absolved the guards, at least legally. No criminal investigation was recommended. Howard Simon, the executive director of the Florida A.C.L.U., criticized the report, telling the Herald that it underscored the need for a federal investigation.

In a recent survey by the Bureau of Correctional Health Services, in New York City, more than a third of mental-health personnel working in prisons admitted to feeling “that their ethics were regularly compromised in their work setting.” There was a pervasive fear that “security staff might retaliate if health staff reported patient abuse.” Violence toward inmates flourished at the city’s main prison, Rikers Island, and it was often ignored by the dozens of counsellors and psychologists on staff. One counsellor who did not ignore it was Randi Cawley. In December, 2012, she reported having seen guards beat an adolescent inmate who was handcuffed to a gurney. But other witnesses refused to confirm her account, and Cawley began receiving threats: dead flowers placed on her computer, ominous phone calls. She felt so unsafe inside Rikers that she quit.

In April, 2015, I had lunch in Miami with another former employee in the Dade T.C.U., a behavioral-health technician named Lovita Richardson. She told me that, when she started the job, she “couldn’t wait to get to work.” But one morning, at around ten-thirty, she walked out of the nurse’s station and saw, through a glass wall, a group of guards pummelling an inmate who was handcuffed. They took turns administering the blows while one of them stood watch. The inmate was a tiny man, “maybe a hundred and ten pounds soaking wet,” Richardson said. She stood there, in stunned silence, until the lookout guard spotted her.

She wanted to report what she’d seen, but a co-worker warned her that she would be imperilling herself. In the days that followed, the guards involved in the beating dropped by Richardson’s office to tell her that they had “taken care” of everything. Their tone was polite, but Richardson started having nightmares, and questioned what kind of person she was. “It makes you feel like you’re letting them down,” she told me, tears filling her eyes. “They are at risk for their very life, and you know it, but you’re not helping them out.” (Disturbed by her experience at Dade, Richardson quit after less than a year on the job.)

This is already more than I intended to quote in this post, and there's a lot more in the article (along with narrative context and other stuff). It's just horrifying, the failure on every level of so many people. The failure of guards who Kryzkowski said were "decent people who treated the inmates with respect" to stand up to their abusive coworkers; the failure of the mental-health counsellors to form a more solid bloc in standing up to the abuses of the guards; the failure at the administrative level in how the T.C.U. is run. It's just an absolutely shitshow from top to bottom.
 
We need to do better, be better. These failings and cover-ups of the dark aspects of repressive policies need to be brought to light and be rectified.
 

besada

Banned
I wish I could say I was even slightly surprised. State institutions, in particular, have always been snake pits, although private institutions are often as bad.

America doesn't care about mentally ill people. It never has, and I don't know if it ever will. We have been starved, beaten, lobotomized, shocked with electricity and insulin, locked in solitary confinement, left on the streets to die, and any other awful thing you can think of.

The mentally ill make people uncomfortable, and that discomfort leads them to prefer solutions that hide us away and keep us quiet, when any solution is offered at all. Usually we just put our mentally ill in prison, leave them homeless, or shoot them. Whatever allows us to pretend we aren't biological entities whose brains someti,es come completely off the rails. Because if it can happen to us, it can happen to you.
 
I wish I could say I was even slightly surprised. State institutions, in particular, have always been snake pits, although private institutions are often as bad.

America doesn't care about mentally ill people. It never has, and I don't know if it ever will. We have been starved, beaten, lobotomized, shocked with electricity and insulin, locked in solitary confinement, left on the streets to die, and any other awful thing you can think of.

The mentally ill make people uncomfortable, and that discomfort leads them to prefer solutions that hide us away and keep us quiet, when any solution is offered at all. Usually we just put our mentally ill in prison, leave them homeless, or shoot them. Whatever allows us to pretend we aren't biological entities whose brains someti,es come completely off the rails. Because if it can happen to us, it can happen to you.

Well said. My ADHD has held me back so much in my life, and I still feel that people simply don't give a shit about me or my struggles. No one in my graduate college even bothers to even take into account how difficult my life can be, and they won't even talk to me. That said, I still feel lucky that I'm self-sustaining, at least to a point. I can't say the same of my sister, who's autistic but my father verbally abuses. And he won't even bother to understand what the fuck he's doing.
 

Fuzzery

Member
I wish I could say I was even slightly surprised. State institutions, in particular, have always been snake pits, although private institutions are often as bad.

America doesn't care about mentally ill people. It never has, and I don't know if it ever will. We have been starved, beaten, lobotomized, shocked with electricity and insulin, locked in solitary confinement, left on the streets to die, and any other awful thing you can think of.

The mentally ill make people uncomfortable, and that discomfort leads them to prefer solutions that hide us away and keep us quiet, when any solution is offered at all. Usually we just put our mentally ill in prison, leave them homeless, or shoot them. Whatever allows us to pretend we aren't biological entities whose brains someti,es come completely off the rails. Because if it can happen to us, it can happen to you.

What country has the best mental healthcare?

Does anyone do it right?
 

LJ11

Member
Thanks for posting this. Rikers is fucking awful, disgusting behavior.

Edit: 60 minutes did a recent episode on what some mentally ill patients go through, check it out if you have some time.
 

besada

Banned
What country has the best mental healthcare?
I'm not sure, but it would almost certainly be one with some sort of universal health care, which allows patients to manage their health care without being made financially destitute.

I've seen an OECD study suggesting Germany handles mental health the best out of European countries. The same study, unsurprisingly, found that percent of GDP spent on mental health was a reasonable stand in figure, as it matched pretty closely their more detailed survey.

That's not surprising to me. Mental health care can be expensive, especially in the U.S., where the drugs involved are more expensive than in other countries, and insurance companies only recently had any requirements regarding the coverage of mental health care.

There's still a long way to to. A great first step here would be to treat mental health care like health care. My insurance plan is good for a broken leg, but if I need to see a therapist or psychiatrist, I need to meet an $800 deductible first, which treats mental health care as a separate category from general health care. Until recently, a lot of plans didn't cover it at all, or covered it so weakly that it was nearly useless. We need more psychiatric beds too, but more importantly we need better, stronger regulatory agencies to make sure they don't turn into snake pits.

I think every country could improve, both in a practical and cultural sense. I've got friends even in the Scandanavian countries that run into trouble getting the help they need. And no country lacks the stigma that most cultures place on the mentally ill. We can all do better.

And if we don't, we'll keep paying the price in suicides, prisons, instituions, and, in the U.S., heinous gun crimes.
 
In 2011, the Correctional Medical Authority, an independent agency that monitors the medical and mental-health care of inmates, was gutted. Additional savings have come from extensive layoffs, which result in guards at many prisons having to work twelve-hour shifts. Placing the staff under such stress only increases the likelihood of abuse.​

Budget cuts to mental healthcare and overworking guards, yeah that's a recipe for disaster.

And this kind of negligence from the mental health staff is infuriating:

Many prisoners received no treatment at all. In one case that was described to me, a young inmate afflicted with paranoia had been degenerating for more than a year. Though he was not disruptive, he had spent prolonged periods in lockdown, because he had stopped taking his medication. Nobody had encouraged him to try different medication; nobody had tried to engage him in activities that might have lessened his feelings of distrust. As a result, the source said, the patient was “undergoing a quiet decompensation where he just gets sicker and sicker.”​

The mental-health staff continued to defer to security, acquiescing when inmates were disciplined for misconduct that was clearly related to their illnesses. An inmate with diagnosed impulse-control problems had his privileges taken away after an outburst. Mental-health officials checked a box indicating that the inmate’s issues had played no role.​

Prison has never been a good place for mental health, especially if you want the person to recover from their illness. That's why secure wards are a thing, where proper mental healthcare is provided through counselling/medication/activities/1:1 sessions/group therapy.
 

Karkador

Banned
Florida's got the Baker Act, too, so on top of the abusive situations, people are being put into the system involuntarily.
 
How is this kind of stuff even legal, or allowed? Where is the oversight?

It doesn't take universal healthcare or something to send these pieces of trash to death row or life in prison. Just get some damn oversight.
 

Mumei

Member
Thanks for posting this. Rikers is fucking awful, disgusting behavior.

Edit: 60 minutes did a recent episode on what some mentally ill patients go through, check it out if you have some time.

Indeed. To be clear, though, the article is actually mostly about a situation in Florida.

In terms of mentally illness and disability, society has changed very little, I feel.

Before I left Missouri, Krzykowski told me that she wanted to take me to a place called the Glore Psychiatric Museum, in St. Joseph. The museum, which occupies a drab brick building, offers an unsettling commentary on how people with mental disabilities have been treated in the past. We walked through a series of rooms filled with arcane devices—a fever cabinet, a lobotomy table. At one point, we stood before a full-scale replica of a nineteenth-century cell at the hospital of Salpêtrière, in Paris. Michel Foucault wrote about the hospital in his 1961 book, “Madness and Civilization,” and he called the era it represented “the Great Confinement.” Krzykowski peered into the cell, a dingy chamber littered with straw, and read the label on the wall:

At the hospital of Salpêtrière the insane were kept in narrow filthy cells. . . . When frostbite resulted, as it often did, no medical help was available. Food was a ration of bread once a day, sometimes supplemented by thin gruel. The greatest indignity was the chains.

Afterward, we sat in a gazebo outside. “We don’t learn very fast,” she said.

As I subsequently found out, the Glore Psychiatric Museum is situated in the medical wing of a former state psychiatric hospital. Curious to see the main compound, which closed in 1997, I went back a few days later. Following a narrow walkway shaded by pines, I arrived at a more secluded area, where the hospital’s residential quarters once stood. The path ended at a security barrier. A chain-link fence topped with razor wire now encircles what the hospital once known as State Lunatic Asylum No. 2 has become: a prison.

How is this kind of stuff even legal, or allowed? Where is the oversight?

It doesn't take universal healthcare or something to send these pieces of trash to death row or life in prison. Just get some damn oversight.

This is what gets me. This isn't the first time I've read about carceral abuses, but I can't help but be infuriated by it. If a random citizen were to kidnap a homeless, mentally ill man, trap him in a small room, and proceed for about two hours to torture him to death with 180 degree water from a hose, I would expect that the question at trial wouldn't be "Did he mean to murder him, or was that part an accident?" It would be, "Can it be proven at trial that he is guilty?"

I'm willing to grant that guards could deserve some consideration placing their actions in the context of their job; that they are given this much deference is absurd to me.
 

eu pfhor ia

Neo Member
We need to do better, be better. These failings and cover-ups of the dark aspects of repressive policies need to be brought to light and be rectified.

Yes. I have a firm belief that one of the reasons we are where we are, politically/culturally/etc, is because there are so many things like this in the history of America that so few are willing to even acknowledge. Or if they are acknowledged, sometimes get treated as "ancient history" that is irrelevant to the future
 

TheOfficeMut

Unconfirmed Member
As someone who did research with a professor on the conditions in correctional facilities in the US, I specifically recall Miami Dade County being one of the worst we encountered. My professor and I were provided with audit reports from the state of teams of people whose job it was to visit these facilities and evaluate them. The mental health findings were always the most numerous and damning. Constant accounts from these auditors of mistreatment of prisoners, incorrect diagnoses, lack of medication, NO mental health evaluation for at least two months for new prisoners deemed mentally unstable (many of them killed themselves before they were evaluated, and once they were they were still not provided the medication or proper facilities for several more weeks), unqualified personnel such as nurses providing psychiatric prescriptions, the facility being SEVERELY understaffed with mental health professionals (I specifically recall reading that a psychiatrist visited once every few weeks to a month later, even after an inmate incident would have required immediate assessment), placing psychotic individuals in isolation as punishment even though they should not have been given their condition, and overall neglect.

It blew my mind. Really upset me. There were so many inmate suicides and abuse from all the staff, correctional and mental health alike.
 

entremet

Member
Rikers should be shut down.

Prison reform is tricky because it can be political suicide to support any reform due to societal acceptance of vengeance as a means of criminal punishment.

Moreover, many cannot vote so they don't even get the political scraps.
 
As someone who did research with a professor on the conditions in correctional facilities in the US, I specifically recall Miami Dade County being one of the worst we encountered. My professor and I were provided with audit reports from the state of teams of people whose job it was to visit these facilities and evaluate them. The mental health findings were always the most numerous and damning. Constant accounts from these auditors of mistreatment of prisoners, incorrect diagnoses, lack of medication, NO mental health evaluation for at least two months for new prisoners deemed mentally unstable (many of them killed themselves before they were evaluated, and once they were they were still not provided the medication or proper facilities for several more weeks), unqualified personnel such as nurses providing psychiatric prescriptions, the facility being SEVERELY understaffed with mental health professionals (I specifically recall reading that a psychiatrist visited once every few weeks to a month later, even after an inmate incident would have required immediate assessment), placing psychotic individuals in isolation as punishment even though they should not have been given their condition, and overall neglect.

It blew my mind. Really upset me. There were so many inmate suicides and abuse from all the staff, correctional and mental health alike.

Thanks for confirming it, terrible to hear.
 

FyreWulff

Member
It's like at a clusterfuck crossroad of America's urge to pretend mental illness doesn't exist and the extreme barrier of empathy where if you cross over to the other side and end up in jail, you "deserve everything that comes to you".
 
The intersection of our broken justice system with our refusal to treat mental health issues seriously, combine to form a nightmare that unfortunately goes unacknowledged because so few really care about the incarcerated.
 

Tenebrous

Member
Doesn't surprise me in the slightest. I watched Titicus Follies earlier in the year, and a few of the guards would just psychologically attack patients all day.

I can only imagine the state of the places that didn't allow camera crews to enter, never mind what it's like in prisons.
 

Mumei

Member
Rikers should be shut down.

Prison reform is tricky because it can be political suicide to support any reform due to societal acceptance of vengeance as a means of criminal punishment.

Moreover, many cannot vote so they don't even get the political scraps.

There was an interview posted on The Atlantic today with former-convict-current-activist Glenn E. Martin about the issues around Rikers specifically. There are aspects that are both encouraging and frustrating, and I definitely recommend giving it a read.

As someone who did research with a professor on the conditions in correctional facilities in the US, I specifically recall Miami Dade County being one of the worst we encountered. My professor and I were provided with audit reports from the state of teams of people whose job it was to visit these facilities and evaluate them. The mental health findings were always the most numerous and damning. Constant accounts from these auditors of mistreatment of prisoners, incorrect diagnoses, lack of medication, NO mental health evaluation for at least two months for new prisoners deemed mentally unstable (many of them killed themselves before they were evaluated, and once they were they were still not provided the medication or proper facilities for several more weeks), unqualified personnel such as nurses providing psychiatric prescriptions, the facility being SEVERELY understaffed with mental health professionals (I specifically recall reading that a psychiatrist visited once every few weeks to a month later, even after an inmate incident would have required immediate assessment), placing psychotic individuals in isolation as punishment even though they should not have been given their condition, and overall neglect.

It blew my mind. Really upset me. There were so many inmate suicides and abuse from all the staff, correctional and mental health alike.

I haven't had that experience, but I had been looking at Robert A. Ferguson's Inferno: An Anatomy of American Punishment again after a topic on GAF that reminded me of it, and there's this:

Specificity conveys what generalization cannot capture in punishment. In the summer of 2013, nine correctional officers and supervisors at Rikers were arraigned on criminal charges after a security chief "ordered his subordinates to kick the inmate's teeth in" because "this guy thinks he's tough." The prisoner had dared to lock eyes with a supervisor. He was taken to a search pen "where five members from an elite correction unit were waiting for him." There, tackled to the floor, "he was repeatedly kicked with his body in a fetal position, covering his head." the legal defenses for such actions come tied to a cover-up and are always the same: "The officers did what they were supposed to.

Horrendous stories of prison abuse can now be found anywhere in the United States. A warden and a guard in North Carolina were suspended in 2012 for inmate abuse after allegations that "guards had forced them to rub hot sauce on their genitals, kiss deadly snakes, and imitate sex acts." Prison gangs in Maryland run extortion rings, drug-trafficking operations, money-laundering schemes, and organized sexual liaisonis in which correctional officers participate. Maryland prisons have one of the highest rape rates in the country. In Mississippi prisons, "rapes, stabbings, beatings, and other acts of violence are rampant." Inmates claim that they have to set fires "to get medical attention in emergencies." Guards, as a matter of course, coerce prisoners for sex in exchange for food and phone privileges.

As you said, this isn't just a Rikers problem or a Miami-Dade problem - or even limited to adult prisons.

It's like at a clusterfuck crossroad of America's urge to pretend mental illness doesn't exist and the extreme barrier of empathy where if you cross over to the other side and end up in jail, you "deserve everything that comes to you".

There was an article a few years back in The Atlantic about American attitudes regarding criminals where the aforementioned book is quoted:

The transitions from "because your act and your mental state at the time were blameworthy, you deserve punishment" to "you have a vicious character" to "you have a hardened, abandoned and malignant heart" to "you are evil and rotten to the core" to "you are scum" to "you deserve whatever cruel indignity I choose to inflict on you" is, of course, not a logical transition. No single step logically follows from its predecessor. I fear, however, that the transition is psychologically a rather common and in some ways compelling one, one that ultimately may tempt us to endorse cruelty and inhumanity" (emphasis in original).

And via e-mail, Ferguson said:

Cruelty is an instinctual part of us, and we have to learn not to inflict it. Otherwise we will. Any crowded playground will demonstrate the truth of this proposition. In a corollary, punishment is pleasure or at least a satisfaction in a punisher. It follows that all punishment regimes tend toward greater severity unless there are very strong institutional safeguards against it.

That's essentially the lens through which I view this article in the New Yorker.
 

dan2026

Member
Wait they burnt a man to death and they aren't even going to get charged?

Murder and torture still legal in America?
 
Wait they burnt a man to death and they aren't even going to get charged?

Murder and torture still legal in America?

Texas actively encourages the death penalty, police officers get paid vacation for shooting unarmed civilians who are nowhre near escalating the situation, and many GOP members and republican people believe torture and Gitmo are good means to an end for our country's military.

So in short, yes. It just depends where you are on the Freedom Food Chain.
 

K.Jack

Knowledge is power, guard it well
My brother spent eight freaking months in jail, with no treatment, for running from the police during a Bipolar episode. All they did was medicate him and throw him in general population.

Prosecutor pushed for five years in prison, which he would've gotten if his public defender didn't realize to get him a mental evaluation. And of course he was found to be bat flipping insane at the time. Got 3 years in a mental hospital instead, where he receives meds, weekly visits with a psychologist and psychiatrist, group therapy, workout facilities, and daily visitation with family and his kids.

The "Justice System" was just going to throw him down a hole, something I can't forgive.
 

TheOfficeMut

Unconfirmed Member
My brother spent eight freaking months in jail, with no treatment, for running from the police during a Bipolar episode. All they did was medicate him and throw him in general population.

Prosecutor pushed for five years in prison, which he would've gotten if his public defender didn't realize to get him a mental evaluation. And of course he was found to be bat flipping insane at the time. Got 3 years in a mental hospital instead, where he receives meds, weekly visits with a psychologist and psychiatrist, group therapy, workout facilities, and daily visitation with family and his kids.

The "Justice System" was just going to throw him down a hole, something I can't forgive.

Fucking prosecutor. Just did a paper on prosecutorial misconduct. Take a look. It's sickening.
 
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