Several games - mostly by Capcom - have included one-hit-kill modes as unlockables.  (PN03, DMC, Chaos Legion...)  I can't think of any games that meet the criteria on default difficulty.  Single-hit kills are best suited to games that involve a lot of repetition, memorization, and skill-building, which are not in vogue these days.  Also required is very strong, fast, action-based gameplay with absolutely deterministic controls, which hasn't really been present in 3D games until recently - hence the health-bar workaround.