can't you just use google without logging in? meaning the most google can see is your ip?
you can use it without logging in but i'm sure they can still track you. not as well but i reckon it's still possible.
without an account they'll obviously have your IP but say you connect to a different network with a different IP. they can "fingerprint" you which would collect info such as like: OS, platform, browser (+plugins), screen resolution, cpu/gpu spec and cores, gyro/compass to see if you're holding the device or if it's on a surface, battery info (% and if it's charging), what websites you're logged into, scan your local network devices, what language you are using, what time zone you are in.
for example, my iphone would likely have something like this right now:
OS - iOS
Platform - iPhone
Browser - Safari
Resolution - 1284 x 2778
CPU/GPU - Apple, 6 cores, 4 cores
Gyro - lying on surface
Battery - 75% discharging
Sites logged into - none
Local devices - could maybe see my router, Desktop, TV, apple watch, ipad, chromecasts, etc
Time Zone - UTC
so that's my "fingerprint" which shows i have an iphone 12 pro max and i live in either iceland/UK . if i were to go use google they'd get all that info and link it back to me. if i visit other sites that connect to google (and that's a shit load of sites) then google can just look at my fingerprint and if it matches they can see that i visted this site. if the fingerprint looks something like this:
OS - iOS
Platform - iPhone
Browser - Safari
Resolution - 1170 x 2532
CPU/GPU - Apple, 6 cores, 4 cores
Gyro - moving
Battery - 50% charging
Sites logged into - facebook, twitter
Local devices -
Time Zone - UTC-4
then that's obviously not me. that's someone in the US with an iPhone 12.