All 5 governmental partners would need to agree before China could be included. ESA is open to China's inclusion, the United States of America (US) is against it. The US concerns over the transfer of technology which could be used for military purposes echo similar concerns with Russia prior to their membership.[275] These concerns were overcome, and NASA became solely dependent upon Russian crew capsules when its Shuttles were grounded after the Columbia accident in 2003,[276] and again after its retirement in 2011.[277][278] China believes that international exchanges and cooperation in the field of aerospace engineering should be intensified on the basis of mutual benefit, peaceful use and common development.[269] China's manned Shenzhou spacecraft use an APAS docking system, developed after a 199495 deal for the transfer of Russian Soyuz spacecraft technology. Included in the agreement was training, provision of Soyuz capsules, life support systems, docking systems, and space suits. American observers comment that Shenzhou spacecraft could dock at the ISS if it became politically feasible, whilst Chinese engineers say work is still required on the rendezvous system. Shenzhou 7 passed within about 50 kilometres of the ISS.[270][279][280]
American co-operation with China in space is limited, efforts have been made by both sides to improve relations,[281] but in 2011 new American legislation further strengthened legal barriers to co-operation, preventing NASA co-operation with China or Chinese owned companies, even the expenditure of funds used to host Chinese visitors at NASA facilities, unless specifically authorised by new laws,[48] at the same time China, Europe and Russia have a co-operative relationship in several space exploration projects.[282] Between 2007 and 2011, the space agencies of Europe, Russia and China carried out the ground-based preparations in the Mars500 project, which complement the ISS-based preparations for a manned mission to Mars.[283]