Firstly, how do I change the fullscreen button to just maximize a window without fullscreening the application? I know if you hold the alt key and click it will simply maximize it, but is their a way to make this behavior default? I think this is how it functioned back in Mavericks, but I can't quite remember.
Secondly, when I click the maximize button it sometimes only maximizes vertically, but not horizontally. Is their a way to do both vertical and horizontal maxing?
Thirdly, does OS X have the snap feature where if I drag a window to a corner it expands to take up 1/4 of the screen. Or if I drag it to a side or the top it takes up 1/2 the screen?
Lastly, can I make the dock remain active on the desktop, hide when it's obstructing a window and when a window is maximized or full screened?
1) Better Touch Tool can do this. Under Other, add a gesture and choose "Leftclick green button" and change its action to Window Interaction > Zoom Window Below Cursor.
2) It's not a Maximize button. Mac OS has always used a "Zoom" function. It resizes the window to the content size. It's been this way since OS 8 at least. BTT might be able to help you change that too. Under Other do the same as above but for the action instead choose Window Resize & Move > Maximize Window.
3) BTT can do this too. There's dozens of apps that offer Windows 7 style snapping. BTT is the best choice over all of them. Download BTT. IT IS ESSENTIAL.
4) I don't really get what you mean here. The Dock won't be visible in fullscreen anyway. And on the desktop, you can't resize a window passed it anyway. Again, maximizing in OS X is not the same as Windows. Fullscreen is OS X's "Maximize" equivalent. It's my favorite thing actually. Loved it since it appeared in Lion. But I digress.
Hope that helps. Basically,
download Better Touch Tool. It is an essential download for any Mac user. Whether you have a trackpad or not. It offers so much and is free.