I honestly thought electing a black president would serve as evidence affirmative action was no longer needed in this country. I guess my view was too simplistic.
Michelle Alexander covers this brilliantly in a few paragraphs in
The New Jim Crow.
[...]
There are answers to these questions, but they are difficult to swallow when millions of Americans have displayed a willingness to elect a black man president of the United States. The truth, however, is this: far from undermining the current system of control, the new caste system depends, in no small part, on black exceptionalism. The colorblind public consensus that supports the new caste system insists that race no longer matters. Now that America has officially embraced Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream (by reducing it to the platitude "that we should be judged by the content our character, not the color of our skin"), the mass incarceration of people of color can be justified only to the extent that the plight of those locked up and locked out is understood to be their choice, not their birthright.
In short, mass incarceration is predicated on the notion that an extraordinary number of African Americans (but not all) have freely chosen a life of crime and thus belong behind bars. A belief that all blacks belong in jail would be incomptaible with the social consensus that we have "moved beyond" race and that race is no longer relevant. But a widespread belief that a majority of black and brown men unfortunately belong in jail is compatible with the new American creed, provided that their imprisonment can be interpreted as their own fault. If the prison label imposed on them can be blamed on their culture, poor work ethic, or even their families, then society is absolved of responsiblity to do anything about their condition.
This is where black exceptionalism comes in. Highly visible examples of black success are critical to the maintenance of the racial caste system in the era of colorblindness. Black success stories lend credence to the notion that anyone, no matter how poor or black you may be, can make it to the top, if only you try hard enough. These stories "prove" that race is no longer relevant. Whereas black success stories undermined the logic of Jim Crow, they actually reinforce the system of mass incarceration. Mass incarceration depends for its legitimacy on the widespread belief that all those who appear trapped at the bottom actually chose their fate.
Viewed from this perspective, affirmative action no longer appears entirely progressive. So long as some readily identifiable African Americans are doing well, the system is largely immunized from racial critique. People like Barack Obama who are truly exceptional by any standards, along with others who have been granted exceptional opportunities, legitimate a system that remains fraught with racial basis - especially when they fail to challenge, or even acknowledge, the prevailing racial order.
This is actually in the midst of a section of the book arguing against affirmative action as not progressive enough and being the epitome of what she quotes Martin Luther King Jr. as warning against: racial justice purchased on the cheap.
She also argues that affirmative action creates an illusion of progress where little actually exists. She is addressing this more from the perspective of the system of mass incarceration, and how, for instance, the complicity of minority officers (who are in many departments there directly because of affirmative action programs) in the War on Drugs serves to legitimate them and insulate them from claims of racism despite the fact that minority officers engage in racial profiling nearly as consistently as white officers. In some ways having a black president presents the same problem as having a black police chief, writ large. You have people who see black leadership and think, "How can you say the police force is racist; the police chief is black!" and you see people who make similarly arguments replacing the United States or America with the President.