THE THREAT POSED TO HELICOPTERS BY 50 CALIBER ANTI-ARMOR SNIPER RIFLES
Violence Policy Center
The Violence Policy Center (VPC) is a national non-profit educational organization that conducts
research and public education on firearms violence and provides information and analysis to
policymakers, journalists, advocates, and the general public. The Center examines the role of firearms
in America, analyzes trends and patterns in firearms violence, and works to develop policies to reduce
gun-related death and injury. This report was authored by VPC Senior Policy Analyst Tom Diaz. This
report was funded in part with the support of The David Bohnett Foundation, The California Wellness
Foundation, The Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund, The George Gund Foundation, The Joyce
Foundation, and, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
Violence Policy Center, 1140 19th Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036
202-822-8200 phone, 202-822-8205 fax,
www.vpc.org web
©August 2004, Violence Policy Center
a This report is excerpted from two more detailed Violence Policy Center reports: Just Like
Bird HuntingThe Threat to Civil Aviation from 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles (January 2003), and Really
Big Guns: Even Bigger LiesThe Violence Policy Centers Response to the Fifty Caliber Institutes
Misrepresentations (March 2004), both available online at
www.vpc.org.
The accuracy of the Model 82A1 makes possible the placement of the shot in the
most vulnerable area of the target. The compressor sections of jet engines or the
transmissions of helicopters are likely targets for the weapon, making it capable of
destroying multi-million dollar aircraft with a single hit delivered to a vital area.
Barrett Firearms Manufacturing Inc. brochure advertising its Model
82A1 50 caliber sniper rifle
Helicopters Are Ideal Targets for 50 Caliber Anti-Armor Sniper Rifles Easily Available
in the U.S. Civilian Market
Reports on recent discoveries of the terrorist group al Qaedas interest in
helicopters emphasize their potential use as flying bombs or vehicles for airborne
terrorist attacks.1
However helicopters are themselves targets that are extremely
vulnerable to ground fire from 50 caliber anti-armor rifles, which are sold freely in the
United States. Since helicopters are generally acknowledged to be difficult to fly,2
authorities and the American public should also consider the threat of a direct attack
on helicopters from these heavy sniper rifles.a Under federal law, anyone at least 18
years old who can pass the rudimentary Brady Law background check can legally buy
one of these rifles. Military grade armor-piercing and armor-piercing incendiary
ammunition is legally sold by ammunition dealersincluding at least one 50 caliber
rifle manufacturerover the phone and through the Internet.
The Danger of New Forms of Attacks Against Aviation by Terrorists Using 50 Caliber
Anti-Armor Sniper Rifles
As authorities strengthen screening aimed at airline passengers, visitors,
explosives, and firearms, the security perimeter is pushed out from the airport
terminal. Terrorists will look for ways to attack from beyond the expanded perimeter.
Thus, the 2,000 yard effective range of the 50 caliber sniper rifle becomes painfully
relevant, because it is an easily obtained weapon to attack with great effect from
beyond the security perimeter. As the leading manufacturer, Barrett Firearms
Manufacturing, itself states in a promotional brochure, its 50 caliber anti-armor sniper
rifle has the ability to engage the enemy at ranges far beyond those at which small
arms can return fire.3
b Hogg served 27 years in the British Armys Royal Artillery, the final six as Regimental
Sergeant Major and instructor in ammunition and ordnance at the Royal Military College. Retiring as
a Master Gunner, he was subsequently editor of Janes Infantry Weapons for 22 years, and has
authored or edited more than 140 books. Ian V. Hogg and John S. Weeks, Military Small Arms of the
20th Century (7th Edition) (Krause Publications, Wisconsin, 2000), back cover. The National Rifle
Association describes him as acclaimed in its promotion of Military Small Arms on its Internet web
site. See,
http://store.nrahq.org, downloaded July 31, 2002.
2
Specifically Designed to Destroy Aircraft and Helicopters
The 50 caliber anti-armor sniper rifle was designed in large part specifically to
destroy aircraft from long range, beyond a security perimeter. Thus, gun expert Ian
V. Hoggb described the weapons initial reception:
The Barrett company were the first to introduce a production .50 sniping
rifle, when this weapon appeared in 1983. There was a good deal of
scepticism at the thought of using such a heavy weapon for sniping but,
after Barrett pointed out that the object was to wreck several million
dollars worth of jet aircraft with one or two dollars worth of cartridge,
the whole thing began to make more sense and the idea spread.4
Hoggs description is borne out by early Barrett promotional material that
directly stated the new anti-armor rifles usefulness against aviation targets. For
example, an undated brochure (apparently, however, from about 1984), obtained from
Barretts Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) licensing file
states:
The Model 82A1 is designed to provide extreme accuracy at extended
ranges with standard military ammunition....
The accuracy of the Model
82A1 makes possible the placement of the shot in the most vulnerable
area of the target. The compressor sections of jet engines or the
transmissions of helicopters are likely targets for the weapon, making it
capable of destroying multi-million dollar aircraft with a single hit
delivered to a vital area. The cost-effectiveness of the Model 82A1
cannot be overemphasized when a round of ammunition purchased for
less than 10 USD can be used to destroy or disable a modern jet
aircraft.5
The same brochure boasts that the accuracy of the 50 caliber sniper rifle
enables it to place more rounds on target in the same time than the M2HB [machine
gun] firing full automatic while expending approximately one third of the ammunition.6
c According to the back page of The Ultimate Sniper, Major John L. Plaster, USAR (Ret.),
was decorated four times for heroism in Vietnam, where he served with the top secret special
operations unit known as the Studies and Observation Group (SOG).
The Particular Vulnerability of Helicopters
Helicopters among all aviation targets are particularly vulnerable to 50 caliber
sniper rifle fire. The U.S. Army, for example, notes that as of 1984 the Afghan
Mujahideen resistance fighters were credited with shooting down close to 300 Soviet
helicopters using small arms and anti-tank weapons.7 It should be noted that this
record was achieved against military helicopters, many of which are armored, and
before the United States began supplying the thoroughly effective Stinger ground-to-air
missile to the Mujahideen.
The 50 caliber anti-armor sniper rifle represents a serious threat to helicopters.
In fact, the Barrett Internet web site includes a posting of a 1994 article about the
company that states that one Barrett model, the M82A2 bullpup design, was
conceived in 1987, reportedly for use against helicopters in Afghanistan.8 The rifles
designconfigured to be fired from the shoulder, as opposed from a prone position
would make it more effective for this purpose.9 Although the M82A2 is no longer
in production, Barrett manufactures a similar bullpup model, the M95. The companys
Internet web site description of the model M95 includes a downloadable video in
which a shooter demonstrates rapidly firing the Model 90, an earlier version of the
current Model 95, from the shoulder.10
Sniper Experts on Helicopter Vulnerability to 50 Caliber Sniper Fire
Major John L. Plastera leading sniping expertdirectly addressed the
vulnerability of helicopters to sniper fire in his text on sniping techniques and
equipment, The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual for Military & Police
Snipers.c A military sniper employs armor piercing bullets when engaging helicopters
and other thin-skinned materiel targets.11
Caliber Shooters Association work with the McMillan Sniper School staff to provide 50 caliber sniper
rifle training (
http://www.sniperschool.org).
4
Another expert, British military senior sniper Mark Spicer, wrote about the
vulnerability of helicopters in more detail in his book Sniper: The techniques and
equipment of the deadly marksman.d Spicer appeared as the prosecutions expert
witness on sniping in the 2003 criminal trial of Beltway sniper John Allen
Muhammad.12 His book is strongly endorsed by principal figures in the fervently progun
Fifty Caliber Institute (FCI).
Helicopters are notoriously easy to disable or destroy. With armorpiercing
incendiary ammunition, the sniper is more than capable of
bringing down a hovering helicopter. Even with normal sniper ball
ammunition, a helicopter can be disabled with a well-placed shot into its
engine or rotor area....
Support helicopters at the hover or while slow moving are also very
easily engaged by snipers. Again the placing of an AP [armor-piercing]
or API [armor-piercing incendiary] round, or even a standard ball round,
into the fuel area of one of these aircraft is going to really ruin the crews
day.13
In fact, Spicers bookwhich is highly recommended by the McMillan Sniper
Schoolincludes a photograph of the author engaging low flying helicopters as a
sniper in a military training exercise.14
5
U.S. government expert witness Sergeant-Major Mark Spicer demonstrates
engaging low flying helicopters in his book Sniper.
The vulnerability of helicopters to ground fire from small arms has been reemphasized
during recent combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.15 They fly low,
they fly slow, and people shoot at them, explained a defense analyst.16 We come
in slow and land, and that is where most of our losses were in Afghanistan, a U.S.
Army special operations aviator said. There is no defense against an RPG (rocket
propelled grenade) or small arms, if they are in the right place or you are in the wrong
place at the wrong time, nothing can defeat that.17 Note the aviators clear
distinction between RPGs and small arms, and his deliberate inclusion of small arms
as a serious threat to helicopters.
The ultimate point is, of course, that if armored helicopters flown by well-trained
military pilots are vulnerable to snipers in combat, how much more vulnerable to
ruthless terrorists armed with easily obtained 50 caliber sniper rifles are civilian
helicopters carrying government dignitaries, business executives, commuters, or
sightseers?