Chances are the internal drive is faulty or damaged, you can replace the hard drive and partition it which should install the latest firmware. There are a few
guides that can walk you through this and givern this was a new old stock console, it's likely to be a returned/rejected unit that hasn't been properly processed. It does mention there being two partitions for the update, one of which was used for the day one which I suspect might be faulty.
It's unlikely Microsoft would use a different server for the day one patch, they still provide updates for the 360. I would try to insert a launch or post launch game to see if it firmware updates from that.
Update: There is also an eMMC flash chip that Microsoft used for partial system software, which some models used Hynix. Those who are familiar with the Wii U might be aware of the
internal flash failing if the console has not been powered on after a while. Whilst unlikely since there are no widespread reports for the Xbox One, it might still be possible if the system hasn't been powered on for a while.
A lot of people like experimenting and preserving systems on older firmwares, Xbox 360 consoles running the blades style dashboard are popular, as are iPhones running iOS 11 for 32bit app compatibility.