Yeah, you start out in LHS 3447, which as far as I can tell from watching videos of the PC version, is the same there.
No. It's always been the same as the full PC version, but sometimes a little behind on some systems (ie, powerplay wasn't working for a while), and running on a separate set of servers that's only periodically synced with the live PC version (kinda similar to how their beta servers operate, I believe).
CQC wasn't added until an update about three weeks ago.
Hmm. I still don't understand the logic behind the timed exclusivity of the CQC. Kind of feels like a backstab to the Kickstarter backers.