I'd like to understand progression a bit better because I'm pretty much stuck on Venus doing puny damage that can't even beat missions even with 3 others.
Stick to Extermination, Spy, Deception and Rescue missions for the early going. Survival and Defense missions are a *lot* harder, especially for new players. Spy and Deception require a player carry the datamass in one hand which means the player who can best rely upon their secondary weapon should do the carrying. That one player can also carry ALL the datamasses on the level, so there's no need to share the burden.
And remember to level up your Mods by fusing them with duplicates or fusion cores. That's how you get your weapons to do more damage and provide more overall utility.
Just playing and using abilities will level up your warframe, which will increase your frame's power and survivability. And of course mods again, which means fusion. (
more here)
You can make do with any warframe - you just need to do more missions to get your strength up and use those powers as often as you can. Slash Dash as your primary power attack and Radial Javelin to clear areas, and Radial Blind is a great power to use when reviving teammates or when taking on most bosses. Super jump is... uhh... yeah, its there too, for some reason.
Stick with it and you'll gain some toughness and some sweet mods, and in no time you'll return to these missions and lay waste at high speed, all while smiling a shit-eating grin. Guaranteed.