American Prometheus is the quintessential biography of Robert Oppenheimer, the so-called Father of the Atomic Bomb. From his early days at the liberal Ethical School to his troublesome college education, Oppenheimer proposed to be an unstoppable force in new scientific thinking. Unlike most physicists, whose passions verily stray from math, Oppenheimer showed considerable appreciation for the arts and the social sciences. His rise in the world of physics came at the start of the rise of Fascism in Europe and the fear of Communism in the United States. It was Oppenheimer's liberal education and sympathy to those in the lower classes to overcome their barriers and become more than cogs in a machine, was his ultimate demise.
Oppenheimer's upbringing and education led him to believe not only the purity of science but the sympathy of human rights. During his stints as a professor and student of physics, Oppenheimer became part of the Progressive cause of labor rights, free inquiry and opposition to Fascism. In that time in America, the few Progressive causes were under Communist Party organizations and affiliations. Even those organizations like the ACLU, were under the term Communist-affiliated and sought to fight for rights and liberties. In the US government and other political and educational institutions where staunchly anti-Communist, members constantly hid their identities and contributions to the fight of civil rights and liberties.
Europe was the center of theoretical physics for most of the early 20th Century and as the various countries succumbed to violence of World War II, so did the world of physics. The United States became a safe haven for scientific thought. When the United States became involved, it became a part to the various physicists and scientists that Germany may have the means to acquire a new weapon of mass destruction. Because of this, the Manhattan Project was born and the race went on to build the nuclear bomb. Oppenheimer, because of the way he could parse through various physics theories and papers to find problems and summarize them, was chosen to lead this team of civilian scientists, while the military provided a role in logistics and security.
On July 16th the world's first atomic bomb was exploded in the desert of New Mexico. What followed was various high-level meetings of logistics and targets for the new weaponry. The civilian scientists were consulted but not relied upon and the Truman administration drew its own conclusion of where and how to use the bomb. As the war in Europe was dying down, the war with Japan was viewed as the next concentration of military power. What is known is that many of the scientists and experts agreed that Japan was close to surrendering and that the bomb meant something to show the Soviets how the balance of power needed to be shifted after the war. Oppenheimer was grieved and hurt by the use of the bomb in an almost nondiscriminatory way. As he put it physics has known sin.
After the War, the tensions between the US and the Soviets grew. Much of the military and the Eisenhower administration came to believe that the balance of power should favor the US by escalating its nuclear arms program. Oppenheimer opposed to it for philosophical reasons, namely to stop what had happened in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The military and anti-communist forces colluded to go after opponents of the new hydrogen bomb, the buildup of arms and the openness of nuclear and military knowledge.
What followed was a brutal witch-hunt against Oppenheimer. The once proud scientists was brought down by slander, political hacks and the members of the fervently anti-communist FBI. His phones had been tapped since before work began in the Manhattan Project. He was followed, accosted, treated to a humiliating illegal intrusions of privacy and legal hearings.
The result of all of this was the ended of the era public scientists in the United States. Science was now something to be feared and practiced only for profitable and military gain. The repercussions of the trial Oppenheimer can be felt to this day, where scientists have to cower before the might of public opinion. Now the battlefields of Climate Change and GMO technology of the cries of the fearful. The story of Oppenheimer is a great metaphor for the loss and persecution of those who are willing to practice science for the public good.
American Prometheus is an engrossing read of the rise and fall of the Public Scientist. A brilliantly researched and nuanced portrait of a man, a scientists and the world in which conspired to take everything that he worked for.