Component needed to upgrade survivors.. you mean drops of rain, lightning in a bottle and so forth?
If so, those are awarded for completing quests (you can see this on the map screen) and there are "faucets" during events (not this one it seems) where you can stockpile them pretty easy.
If you just mean XP, then you get it from quests and recycling/transforming survivors.
As for the stuff needed to build "random satellite locations," not really sure what you're referring to.