Layzner #7, well, sort of.
So here's the thing about Layzner thus far: the show has been built almost entirely around depriving the cast and the audience of hope altogether. Every time things seem to be looking up for our unfortunate band of survivors, a nuclear missile drops on top of it or a sniper fires into it etc. The series has maintained its momentum via this sort of game of cat and mouse of hope and despair while establishing its cast and world.
And it's got me thinking: Mecha anime is incredibly bleak from this period of time. Bleak or grim, take your pick, I guess. The point is that in shows of this era there's this pervasive feeling of almost agony, of pain and a fear for the lengths mankind can go to in war. I want to note here that I'm going to be drawing pretty much exclusively from the real robot genre of anime, and basing my comments out of about five shows, so this current supposition could well be wrong.
The shows I'm drawing from are Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam, Mobile Suit ZZ Gundam, Super Dimensional Fortress Macross, Armored Trooper VOTOMS, and Blue Comet SPT Layzner. By way of conceit, VOTOMS, Macross, and ZZ Gundam are all shows I would argue are very hopeful and positive at given points. Especially the latter two. However, what I'm looking at is some of the setups to these shows. VOTOMS opens with Chirico coming home essentially shell-shocked from a war that has lasted centuries. ZZ Gundam begins with the Argama seeking port after a climactic battle in a war that has existed and will exist for decades. In Macross' backstory there was a terrible war of unification, and the Zentradi themselves have been at war since before they themselves can remember. Zeta Gundam itself is heavily couched in both the old One Year War and its own boiling conflict.
There's an extension beyond this, however, in that the shows all take pains to sort of portray their casts as troubled people in the midst of some very real and striking depictions of agony. Chirico begins VOTOMs resembling better a wild animal than a human being, so completely on guard against a world he finds hostile he is. An entire arc of the show centers on his breakdown when forced to confront his sins in war, and the victims of his atrocities. Kamille Bidan, Zeta's protagonist, is rife with problems of his own, not the least of which are the loss of many of his loved ones due to the ongoing war. Even the usually unflappable Judau Ashta begins to crack under the pressure of the show's second half. In all of these shows we're exposed to shots of women screaming over their husbands' graves, warriors crying in terror as their mechs explode and they die like dogs, and vast swaths of the world laid waste in the crossfire.
NeoGAF user and eternal sounding board for my mecha ideas, Narag, has suggested to me that there is a reactionary root to all of this, and I feel that it is an important element to understanding and explaining this transition of the genre. Essentially, he put it to me, the entire genre was reacting to the 1970s Super Robot status quo.
There's a great deal of sense to that. 1970s robot anime was innocent, and maintained a sense of wonder. The mecha of that era tended to belong to scientists and laboratories than military forces, implying a trust in the scientific to use these machines for the greater good. I've considered it for some time the need to address the need for military might in a sort of terrifyingly military world that prohibited Japan from having weapons of their own. In a way, though, it's impossible to not view the entire 1970s Super Robot cycle as the Romantic period of the genre. Although violent, the heroes of Super Robot anime of that era, the likes of Ryoma and Kouji, always had their violence ultimately romanticized into either the rough-and-tumble hijinks of somewhat troubled high-school-boys or as an effort to save the world. Even that prior implies romanticism in demonstrating how young men with, putting it lightly, personality problems to spare might band together for a common good. There's an undertone of hoping to persuade viewers to follow suit there, as well. The genre was inundated with this kind of story, though, of heroic humans banding to fight wicked aliens, who were on occasion formerly good people themselves.
It follows, then, that with the 1979 release of Mobile Suit Gundam, the genre began to change away. Mecha became weapons of war, and episodes ended less and less with the gang laughing into the sunset and more and more with them crying their souls out over the bodies of their fallen friends. It should come as no surprise that the Real Robot subgenre of Mecha anime is in essence also its Realist movement. Stories tried to combine the genre's inherent science fiction with a more 'grounded' approach. No longer were the enemies bizarre aliens bent on turning innocent people into aliens. Instead they were human beings with differing political ideologies. Prick them, and they bled red. The lionization and romanticizing about the glory of piloting a giant robot was stripped away. The path was paved from Kouji, who bore no real strain from piloting the Mazinger Z, to Shinji, whose mind was at the mercy of Unit 01, upon the backs of Amuro and Chirico alike.
There was also an enormous anti-war sentiment present in the works of the time. You don't ever really hear Ryoma stop and say war is a terrible thing because in Getter Robo the war, such as it is, is a battle for the survival of two different, incompatible species. However, protagonists like Hikaru Ichijo would go on to constantly have misgivings and doubts about both the nature of war and the intentions of the military forces fighting them. These feelings would remain forever after a huge part of the genre. VOTOMs and Zeta Gundam both introduced authoritarian governments (on the alleged side of the hero) and ZZ and Macross would explore the concepts of military-government corruption.
The question, though, is why? What caused this enormous shift? I can offer guesses, but I'm not really sure. My best bet is that the Cold War was taking its toll on people in Japan at the time, if not, really, on the world itself. It had carried on for decades and, contrary to its name, there were quite a few casualties across the world! Super Robots were born as a part of the zeitgeist that demanded a power to grant the feeling of security in a land caught directly between the two powers wielding nuclear flame against one another. And no country knew the terror of nuclear power better than Japan. As the war drug on, then, that same zeitgeist began to question these forces altogether, and this shifted into anime in the form of a questioning by writers of giant robots, which had become the equivalent of Super Heroes and Nuclear Power in one fell swoop.
And the feeling of hatred for the Cold War seems almost transparent. Votoms had Gilgamesh and Balarant. Gundam had Zeon and the Federation. Macross had Mankind and the Zentradi, and Layzner opened with the Soviets and Americans nuking one another before moving on to Humanity and the Gradosians. Each show had its major powers locked in a struggle where the world's survival and governance was the stakes. Each had a powerful anti-war message, and the endings were of varied condemnation of mankind's power to avert such war. VOTOMs has Chirico exit history "until an age without war." ZZ Gundam ends with Judau leaving the inner Solar System in disgust over the unwillingness of mankind to achieve peace. Macross has Zentradi and humans fighting in the ruins of Earth well after the supposed peace has been attained.
The problem I have with this explanation is mostly that I don't really know anything about Japan's role in the Cold War, or the actual feelings people had at that time about the war. If this were about how Americans felt and American works, I would be confident that the Cold War and especially the Vietnam conflict had figured in, but since I don't know how any of this truly effected the Japanese, I'm not as confident in my statements. This caveat given, however, I do feel some measure of surety in my assessment, and hope it stands up to the scrutiny of you, my peers.