I'm currently lvl 26. I was doing The Dark Below missions but now I have two purple bounties. One is to kill Knights/Wizards and bring proof back to can't remember their name. She stands away to the left of where you spawn into the tower. The other is to purchase the Urn of Sacrifice from Xur. I tried looking for him around the tower but can't see him so I guess I need to wait until whatever day he reappears.
Right now I've been doing a load of bounties/patrols/strikes to try increase my Vanguard reputation. I'm wanting to buy some stuff off them to try increase my light level.
TL;DR: what level can i get to without doing raids and how do i get there? i can't seem to find a straight answer.
You can hit 30 with vanguard armor that's maxxed out, and at that point do normal mode Vault of Glass (or earlier if you can find a sherpa willing to carry you).
Xur appears on Friday at 4 am EST and leaves Sunday at 4 am EST.
That chick is Eris, and if you complete those quests she's giving you, you'll get a powerful fusion rifle called Murmur.
If you complete Xur's quest, which will be incredibly hard at your level without some help, you end up with light lvl 33 gloves, the same thing you can buy from a vanguard rep vendor. Still, it's marks you can use on pants/helmet/chest instead.
Run lots of strikes in the vanguard playlist, and you might get lucky with a legendary/exotic drop as well.
If you find a nice sherpa they might be willing to run you through stuff like Nightfall or Weekly Heroic that will definitely help you along.