When the news broke Saturday of Chael Sonnen failing another drug test, this one administered on 6/5, I was shocked, and it is likely many in the MMA community were stunned.
It wasn't that Sonnen failed a drug test, or the revelation that he, or any of a number of top athletes in the sport may have been using Human Growth Hormone (HGH) or Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (EPO). The fact that one was caught doing so, a first for the sport of MMA, and an extreme rarity in the sporting world, is major news in both MMA and on the drug testing front.
For all the talk of steroids, the belief by athletes is that certain drugs, HGH, EPO and Insulin, provide a strong performance enhancing stack and can be used with limited fear of detection. The standard urine tests don't pick up those drugs. Blood testing, which is expensive and not used with much regularity, has limitations in detecting those substances. There is a short window of detection for HGH and EPO, and because the body produces Insulin, is almost impossible to test for added use. Most sports don't test for those drugs with the feeling it's not effective. In the major sports, there are union issues that haven't been worked through involving regularly taking blood samples. In those that do, there have only been a handful of athletes who have ever been caught using HGH despite the knowledge within the sports world that use is rampant.
Three days later, UFC and FOX released a joint statement, each terminating Sonnen.
The UFC and FOX Sports organizations announced today (6/30) the termination of their respective broadcasting services agreements with analyst Chael Sonnen. The decision comes in light of Sonnen failing a second test conducted by the Nevada Athletic Commission for banned substances in June. Sonnen was previously under temporary suspension by the Nevada Athletic Commission for failing an initial test conducted in May.
You know, its never easy making decisions like this, White said. You know, Chael is a person I personally care about. I know a lot of people at FOX care about him too. The guy had four banned substances in his system, four banned substances in his system leading up to a fight here in Las Vegas. Its a tough one. Its one of those hard decisions you gotta make. It was definitely a hard one. It was something we had to do.
UFC had only once cut a fighter, Nate Marquardt, based on a drug test situation. Marquardt, on TRT, tested over the limit about two weeks before his fight and his level didnt return to acceptable by fight time, forcing them to have to scrap an advertised television main event at the last minute. Marquardt ended up being signed by Strikeforce and returned to UFC after Strikeforce was shut down, and actually won the main event of a show this past weekend. There had been cases of prelim fighters who lost fights and also failed their drug test that had been released in the past.
What killed Sonnen was not so much the failure, but the hypocrisy. He had just weeks earlier blasted rival Wanderlei Silva as being a fraud his entire career when Silva disappeared when ordered to take a surprise drug test. He had positioned himself after the ban on TRT as someone who always played by the rules that the governing body went with. When he came out so strong regarding the first drug test, noting he never took performance enhancing drugs, doing several interviews on FS 1 on the subject, the HGH and EPO failures made it seemingly impossible to do business with him right now.
Sonnen's failure may be breakthrough in itself, and an important message not just in MMA, but in all sports, that if testing is vigilant enough, perhaps the belief will change that you can use those substances with no fear of repercussions. But the circumstances really only lead one to open their eyes that the real message is more of a negative than a positive.
The circumstances of the detection methods, and if Sonnen is honest in addressing his time line of usage, at the scheduled 7/23 Nevada Athletic commission hearing, will reveal one of two things. Either Sonnen's failure was a fluke of timing, or it's a warning to athletes, as well as to the few top fighters who may be tested in the same manner he was before a scheduled major fight by the Nevada commission, that the game has the potential to change.
But there are scientific advances and there are costs involved. The fact is there have been tens of thousands of HGH tests administered in a variety of sports over the past six years since the first so-called legitimate test for HGH came out. The lack of failures led to widespread belief that the test was ineffective, and did virtually nothing to deter usage. The belief still remained in the heads of most athletes that HGH is banned, but you will almost never get caught using it. The combination of fast acting testosterone (there are some give a minor boost so you would never fail on the T:E ratio but you do get performance enhancing benefits when used in a stack with other drugs), HGH and Insulin (or in some cases Peptides) is a performance enhancing stack used regularly in drug tested sports.
HGH is used extensively in Hollywood, whether it be men or women, and in any profession where having a hard body is tied into marketability, particularly in older actors and actresses. The marked difference in TV star bodies from the prior generation and far more willingness to pose in skimpy swimsuit shots, even at older ages, for both men and women, is directly tied to the use.
When you watch WWE and ask how some of the people can look the way they do when the company is drug testing, there may be some very disciplined and very genetically gifted guys, but in a lot of cases, that is your answer. Because it would require great expense and catch nobody, WWE does not do blood testing. So even if Sonnens failure is a breakthrough in that it shows testing detection has improved, that will mean little with most sports drug testing. Before, the odds were astronomically high that anyone would be caught by the far more expensive HGH testing. In Major League Baseball, the NFL, WWE or any major professional sport aside from Cycling and the Olympics, there is no worrying at all about doing exactly what Sonnen appears to have done regarding using HGH and EPO.
MMA would have been on that list last week, which may explain why Sonnen was so brazen about pushing that he had not taken performance enhancing drugs, and being critical of Wanderlei Silva when Silva ran out on a drug test and saying his career was a fraud.
Today, many people are saying that about Sonnen.
But in U.S. combat sports, it's going to take a few more Sonnen cases before a clear message is sent.
The belief has been that HGH, because it breaks down in the body so quickly, can only be detected in the relatively new tests for several hours after a shot is administered. Actual HGH disseminates throughout the body rapidly. After minutes, HGH in the blood stream is converted to a derivative form, which is why the original HGH testing caught almost nobody. The new and more sophisticated testing looks for an unnatural increase in IGF-1 or P3NP, that occurs shortly after an injection of HGH.
That remains in the blood stream for between four and ten hours, and can be active within cell receptors for up to three days. It's the ability to detect this form in the cell receptors that is what is said to have strengthened the detection methods of HGH.
A key part of this story is when Sonnen took his most recent HGH shot. Within the world of those who coach pro athletes to beat tests is to use low enough levels of testosterone to stay under 4-1 (Sonnen, Belfort and those coming off TRT, because they were being regularly tested for testosterone in their blood and perhaps if they were throwing in more expensive Carbon Isotope Ratio (CIR) testing which shows any artificial testosterone, would be nailed because CIR testing is rarely used in sports), and use HGH and insulin, or peptides with HGH, but HGH is the key. Steroids and HGH are different. Steroids enlarge muscle cells. HGH increases the number muscle cells and also thickens connective tissue and enlarges organs, which is why the steroid/HGH combo is effective and why bodybuilders of today look so much different from the heavy steroid users of a previous generation, because of the added muscle cells from the HGH are then enlarged from the steroids.
The belief, and this is where Sonnens last shot comes in, is that the three day detection for HGH in current tests is believed to be propaganda and that the real detection time is two to four hours. Within that world, the belief is that Sonnen got caught for being stupid, because the idea is you inject HGH at 11 p.m., and no tester is coming to get you until 8 a.m., and thus, there is no fear of detection. The belief is they tested Sonnen within a few hours of his test and that he was not given smart advice about the late night shot. However, if it was more than four hours, this, which is major in the few sports that do test for HGH, that 11 p.m. shot doctrine may no longer be valid.
In theory, if somebody is cycling EPO and HGH, they could take a shot daily, so by that theory, even with the short detection span, catching people during their cycle shouldnt be anywhere near as rare as it is.
I dont know the exact number of HGH failures there have been over the last six years, but its no less than five but I dont know that its even hit ten yet.
Doctors have talked of being close to HGH tests dating back decades. In 1992, Vince McMahon and Dr. Mauro DiPasquale Jr., claimed to have come up with the first test that would catch HGH users, although nobody in the scientific community bought it and DiPasquale Jr.s testing never caught anyone using it. There has been no legitimate test administered until recent years. The first actual positive test came in late 2009 of rugby player Terry Newton, widely believed to be a tip off because of awareness that he had just administered a shot. But with the belief HGH was rampant at the London Olympics, which were more heavily tested for HGH than any sports competition in history, there were only two failures.
With EPO, the belief is also that there is a short detection window, of roughly 19 hours, give or take a few. EPO is used to enhance endurance by increasing the red blood cell count. If Sonnen admits to having used the substances, and is honest in the hearing about when he last administered them, it will give more information that claims that modern science has improved in detection, or he tested positive because he was unlucky to have been tested right after administering a shot.
For those who believe PED's pervert this and other sports, a breakthrough like this is major because if athletes truly believe testing can detect the substances, and that they can be tested at any time, usage becomes a risk, which it wasnt before. The penalties of being caught, both reputation wise and financial, are huge. Stephan Bonnar lost his job as a FOX analyst over his second positive steroid test. He may have lost being given a lifetime job in UFC as a reward for the fight that put the company in the sporting consciousness. Sonnen could easily end up in the same boat. The problem is, as this case as well as recent publicized cases with both Wanderlei Silva and Vitor Belfort have shown, is the protocol of testing in this sport.
Belfort, who tested positive in February for a testosterone level being above allowable limits while under TRT therapy, this past week on Combate, the Brazilian fighting channel, gave an explanation. It was the Belfort positive and the idea doctors said that if he had just taken his normal dose, the potential was there for him to be temporarily over the limit, thus an explanation that, given what he was doing, he wasnt cheating. But his latest explanation changes that.
I took a shot the day before (the test) in Las Vegas, he said. I usually took the dosage throughout a week, but this day I took the whole weekly dosage. So, on that day, my levels were a little high, but nothing absurd. The limit was 1,100 and I was at 1,200.
There are different doctors and labs who will give a different opinion of what the high level of allowable normal is, usually between 1,100 and 1,200. Nevada, under Keith Kizer, wanted fighters to not just be below that limit, but by at the low to medium range of normal, more in the 500 to 600 range, with the idea the TRT gets them normal, not high normal. Belforts actual test number in February was 1,472, well above any ceiling. Because he was not licensed in Nevada as a fighter, they legally couldnt suspend him, but if he applied for a license in Nevada, they could deny him the license based on the test result. Since Sonnen failed his test, Belfort had no opponent for 7/5, so UFC had him pull out of his 6/17 license hearing since there was no reason to get a license.
In all three cases, as well as that of Alistair Overeem in 2012, it was unannounced random testing done by Nevada that resulted in the failures, and not the standard urine tests done the night of the fight that fighters are expecting. All four fighters, had they not been star fighters in headline matches in Nevada, would have never been tested so stringently, and would have almost surely skated through, doing exactly what they had been doing for who knows how long, under normal circumstances. The idea they are the only ones is terribly naive. Based on talking with many fighters and trainers on this subject, the belief is that use is plentiful. Both Brian Stann and Georges St-Pierre in recent months cited as one of the reasons, not the only reason, they chose to retire was the inadequate drug testing and proliferation of use. Michael Bispings whole career changes when you take away the losses to people who were likely using PEDs when he fought them, and hes been vehement about the subject. However, the idea that some pro-drug guys propagate, that everyone is using and that you cant compete at the top level without it, is also not the case.
Fighting for 25 minutes in a championship fight takes unbelievable stamina, and EPO allows both harder and more intense training and develops more stamina in a fighter. If Sonnen was taking HGH while under TRT, the combination magnifies the effect, in other words, while his testosterone levels may have always been within normal levels, the affect of his added testosterone was multiplied if he was using HGH with it. Perhaps he will argue he only started on the drugs after getting off TRT, but unlike with Anastrozole, Clomiphene and HCG, these are performance enhancing drugs on the top of the banned list, and not drugs banned because the medical usage of them in athletes is coming off a steroid cycle and thus are used to catch people who may not test positive for steroids, but almost surely were doing them. In the case of Sonnen, the steroids, testosterone, were a given since the commission itself approved of the use.
If anything, this proves the need for year-around extensive testing throughout the UFC roster, not just for Nevada main eventers. But doing so looks to be cost prohibitive, so in the end, these failures only underscore there is a problem, and it's probably significant, and leave one frustrated about the lack of a viable solution. For every Chael Sonnen, are there 50, 150 or 250 others just like him on the UFC roster, only too low profile? Nobody knows. Its the same major league baseball argument regarding Ryan Braun, Alex Rodriguez or Barry Bonds. They absolutely were guilty, and like Sonnen, their respective attitudes publicly on the subject added to their troubles in the long run. But it was their success that is what cost them, as with the money at stake, plenty of mid-level players were likely doing similar things.
While no data is out, it would appear that the percentage of failures in the out of competition unannounced testing dwarfs those of the testing methods used in almost all states. If anything, the recent stories accentuate just how ineffective the testing procedures in MMA are unless one is scheduled for a high-profile fight in Nevada, or, like Jon Jones and Glover Teixeira, they agree to be randomly tested in a high profile championship fight and UFC agrees to foot the bill. And even in all those cases, most of the tests were done a couple of months before the fights and both fighters were fully aware they were going to be tested regularly during the short window.
Belfort knew he was going to be tested regularly and failed, but the unique situation of him not being licensed led to the commission not being allowed to suspend him.
Sonnen and Silva, since they were not in a title fight, did not know they would be tested. But in the case of Sonnen, it was naive to not think he would be tested, as a former TRT user. Still, after being tested on 5/24, he probably wasnt expecting another test on 6/5. It would be incumbent for the commission to at least urine test him and the HCG, Clomiphene and Anastrozole would show up. It is believed that all three of these drugs can be detected for at most ten days after most recent usage, although Sonnen did have legitimate medical need for all three drugs. And hes been around sports long enough to know that having a legitimate medical need for compounds that are on the banned list are banned.
Dana White at a press conference recently noted the cost of the enhanced testing that Jones asked for, for he and Teixeira, ran in excess of $40,000. That was only for a short period, basically testing throughout the training camp of two fighters. Multiply that by 500 fighters and for 12 months of the year instead of two months, and you get a figure of $60 million annually. UFC generates a lot money. Nobody in this sport generates enough money to come close to affording that bill. Granted, you dont have to do extensive blood and urine testing weekly on every fighter throughout the year to do enough testing to at least give fighters the fear a test could happen at any time.
There does need to be additional testing, enough that there is at least the fear of getting caught in the back of everyones mind. One Olympic athlete in April spoke to me about being at the Olympic training center with two of the best known fighters in the UFC, and asking them about PEDs in their sport. The answer both men gave was that the lure to use them is strong, because careers are short, the differences in making money for different levels of success is huge, and the testing is totally inadequate.
Even though you can probably get a major group discount, and if UFC entered into an agreement with a major testing organization the bill would be nowhere near $60 million, nor would every fighter be tested constantly, there are still issues.
For years, White has given the line that UFC fighters have it tougher than anyone, except Olympic athletes, because they are tested by the government. On paper, that wasnt close to the case, because testing in most states, and when UFC does it themselves, is usually limited to a urine test on the day of the fight.
But today, there are two arguments that it is the case, given all sports, including UFC, by nature, are going to want to protect their top stars. There were allegations that baseball, as much as they wanted to clean up their image, that the few superstars were getting tipped ahead of time about a so-called random test. Years ago in the NFL, there was a news story regarding a number of starting quarterbacks that had tested positive, yet none of the names came out nor were there any suspensions. The story turned out to be accurate. Stories of multiple failed drug tests by Ultimate Warrior in 1992, at a time WWF was at its most vigilant on the issue, as it was far more of a priority than it appears to be today, although todays athletes are far more sophisticated than 20 years ago when it comes to what they can and cant do. Ironically, Sonnen fit into that category and its so crazy he was the one caught, since nobody had talked more about following the rules of competition, and was more critical of rivals rumored to have built up impressive records while on the stuff.
Warrior was never suspended. It came out in one of his many court cases, with WWF allowing him to continue with the idea that his levels were lowered in tests so they claimed the positives were from prior use. But still, there was also another test failure for a new drug not in prior tests that again he wasnt suspended, with them accepting the tainted supplement defense. However, he was eventually fired when they flat out found out about a shipment of HGH from overseas that was intercepted by authorities.
Major Olympic doctors have written books mentioning positive test results in the Olympics that were covered up.
As far as Sonnen himself goes, the HCG and Anastrozole failures in the 6/5 test and the Clomiphene and Anastrozole failure in the 5/23 test, were almost surely still going to lead to a suspension. Sonnen, at the very least, needed to inform the commission ahead of time as to what he was using to attempt to get his testes to start functioning after years of TRT, which he didn't do. That doesn't apply to HGH and EPO, clear performance enhancing compounds.
As far as Sonnen's career goes, it is likely over now. He announced his retirement earlier this month. One could have argued some sympathy in punishment before. That argument can no longer be made.
Even if his suspension is over in a year, given his age, and questions as to how well his body can perform clean, as well as the controversy, make it a lot less likely he could come back and perform at near the top level, or that UFC would bring him back given the lightning rod of bad publicity.