It really too early to tell what effect Doomfist will have on the game, the recency of him makes it so players can get away with a lot of shit they otherwise wouldn't. I don't think a hero designed to be an up in your face flanker should be one-shotting people. I don't think this problem could resolved by just lengthening his cooldown on the punch, well actually that would kill him. I could swap and change to McCree like someone said earlier, I don't think McCree really does all that much to him as I've seen him one-shot McCrees through flashbang, but I'm usually playing support and in a serious comp game it would not be wise for me to switch from that role. I don't really think anything in the game really does Doomfist in, same for Pharah but that's not a bad thing either. I just don't like that he one-shots, and he might suck without that kill potential but I think it can be compromised with more damage on other abilities and his primary fire and/or increased mobility. Feels like there is generally nothing you can do vs. that ability, similar to super old Roadhog hooks that pulled you in from Dorado to Ilios well.
If you were watching the LAN today with all the Finnish teams, Doomfist was pretty popular in both Rein/Zarya comps and dives. Probably the funnest OW tourney in a while just with the diversity. You can really say what is meta just yet, but dive was still dominant today. The theorized "anti-dive" comps weren't overwhelmingly successful here either, dive probably won most games but it's still early.