The most persistent falsehood about Senator Barack Obamas background first hit in 2004 just two weeks after the Democratic convention speech that helped set him on the path to his presidential candidacy: Obama is a Muslim who has concealed his religion.
That statement, contained in a press release, spun a complex tale about the ancestry of Mr. Obama, who is Christian.
The press release was picked up by a conservative Web site, FreeRepublic.com, and spread steadily as others elaborated on its claims over the years in e-mail messages, Web sites and books. It continues to drive other false rumors about Mr. Obamas background.
Just last Friday, a woman told Senator John McCain at a town-hall-style meeting, I have read about him, and hes an Arab. Mr. McCain corrected her.
Until this month, the man who is widely credited with starting the cyberwhisper campaign that still dogs Mr. Obama was a secondary character in news reports, with deep explorations of his background largely confined to liberal blogs.
But an appearance in a documentary-style program on the Fox News Channel watched by three million people last week thrust the man, Andy Martin, and his past into the foreground. The program allowed Mr. Martin to assert falsely and without challenge that Mr. Obama had once trained to overthrow the government.
An examination of legal documents and election filings, along with interviews with his acquaintances, revealed Mr. Martin, 62, to be a man with a history of scintillating if not always factual claims. He has left a trail of animosity some of it provoked by anti-Jewish comments among political leaders, lawyers and judges in three states over more than 30 years.
He is a law school graduate, but his admission to the Illinois bar was blocked in the 1970s after a psychiatric finding of moderately severe character defect manifested by well-documented ideation with a paranoid flavor and a grandiose character.
Though he is not a lawyer, Mr. Martin went on to become a prodigious filer of lawsuits, and he made unsuccessful attempts to win public office for both parties in three states, as well as for president at least twice, in 1988 and 2000. Based in Chicago, he now identifies himself as a writer who focuses on his anti-Obama Web site and press releases.
Mr. Martin, in a series of interviews, did not dispute his influence in Obama rumors.
Everybody uses my research as a takeoff point, Mr. Martin said, adding, however, that some take his writings and exaggerate them to suit their own fantasies.
As for his background, he said: Im a colorful person. Theres always somebody who has a legitimate cause in their mind to be angry with me.
When questions were raised last week about Mr. Martins appearance and claims on Hannitys America on Fox News, the programs producer said Mr. Martin was clearly expressing his opinion and not necessarily fact.
It was not Mr. Martins first turn on national television. The CBS News program 48 Hours in 1993 devoted an hourlong program to what it called his prolific filing of frivolous lawsuits. He has filed so many lawsuits that a judge barred him from doing so in any federal court without preliminary approval.
He prepared to run as a Democrat for Congress in Connecticut, where paperwork for one of his campaign committees listed as one purpose to exterminate Jew power. He ran as a Republican for the Florida State Senate and the United States Senate in Illinois. When running for president in 1999, he aired a television advertisement in New Hampshire that accused George W. Bush of using cocaine.
In the 1990s, Mr. Martin was jailed in a case in Florida involving a physical altercation.
His newfound prominence, and the persistence of his line of political attack updated regularly on his Web site and through press releases amazes those from his past.
Well, thats just a bookend for me, said Tom Slade, a former chairman of the Florida Republican Party, whom Mr. Martin sued for refusing to support him. Mr. Slade said Mr. Martin was driven like a run-over dog, but hes fearless.
Given Mr. Obamas unusual background, which was the focus of his first book, it was perhaps bound to become fodder for some opposed to his candidacy.
Mr. Obama was raised mostly by his white mother, an atheist, and his grandparents, who were Protestant, in Hawaii. He hardly knew his father, a Kenyan from a Muslim family who variously considered himself atheist or agnostic, Mr. Obama wrote. For a few childhood years, Mr. Obama lived in Indonesia with a stepfather he described as loosely following a liberal Islam.
Theories about Mr. Obamas background have taken on a life of their own. But independent analysts seeking the origins of the cyberspace attacks wind up at Mr. Martins first press release, posted on the Free Republic Web site in August 2004.
Its general outlines have turned up in a host of works that have expounded falsely on Mr. Obamas heritage or supposed attempts to conceal it, including Obama Nation, the widely discredited best seller about Mr. Obama by Jerome R. Corsi. Mr. Corsi opens the book with a quote from Mr. Martin.
What hes generating gets picked up in other places, said Danielle Allen, a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University who has investigated the e-mail campaigns circulation and origins, and its an example of how the Internet has given power to sources we would have never taken seriously at another point in time.
Ms. Allen said Mr. Martins original work found amplification in 2006, when a man named Ted Sampley wrote an article painting Mr. Obama as a secret practitioner of Islam. Quoting liberally from Mr. Martin, the article circulated on the Internet, and its contents eventually found their way into various e-mail messages, particularly an added claim that Mr. Obama had attended Jakartas Muslim Wahhabi schools. Wahhabism is the radical teaching that created the Muslim terrorists who are now waging jihad on the rest of the world.
Mr. Obama for two years attended a Catholic school in Indonesia, where he was taught about the Bible, he wrote in Dreams From My Father, and for two years went to an Indonesian public school open to all religions, where he was taught about the Koran.
Mr. Sampley, coincidentally, is a Vietnam veteran and longtime opponent of Mr. McCain and Senator John Kerry, both of whom he accused of ignoring his claims that American prisoners were left behind in Vietnam. He previously portrayed Mr. McCain as a Manchurian candidate. Speaking of Mr. Martins influence on his Obama writings, Mr. Sampley said, I keyed off of his work.
Mr. Martins depictions of Mr. Obama as a secret Muslim have found resonance among some Jewish voters who have received e-mail messages containing various versions of his initial theory, often by new authors and with new twists.
In his original press release, Mr. Martin wrote that he was personally a strong supporter of the Muslim community. But, he wrote of Mr. Obama, it may well be that his concealment is meant to endanger Israel. He added, His Muslim religion would obviously raise serious questions in many Jewish circles.
Yet in various court papers, Mr. Martin had impugned Jews.
A motion he filed in a 1983 bankruptcy case called the judge a crooked, slimy Jew who has a history of lying and thieving common to members of his race.
In another motion, filed in 1983, Mr. Martin wrote, I am able to understand how the Holocaust took place, and with every passing day feel less and less sorry that it did.
In an interview, Mr. Martin denied some statements against Jews attributed to him in court papers, blaming malicious judges for inserting them.
But in his 48 Hours interview in 1993, he affirmed a different anti-Semitic part of the affidavit that included the line about the Holocaust, saying, The record speaks for itself.
When asked Friday about an assertion in his court papers that Jews, historically and in daily living, act through clans and in wolf pack syndrome, he said, That one sort of rings a bell.
He said he was not anti-Semitic. I was trying to show that everybody in the bankruptcy court was Jewish and I was not Jewish, he said, and I was being victimized by religious bias.
In discussing the denial of his admission to the Illinois bar, Mr. Martin said the psychiatric exam listing him as having a moderately severe personality defect was spitefully written by an evaluator he had clashed with.
Mr. Martin, who says he is from a well-off banking and farming family, is clearly pleased with his newfound attention. But, he said, others have added to his work in scary ways.
They Google Islam and Obama and my stuff comes up and they take that and kind of use that like a Christmas tree, and they decorate it, he said. For instance, he said, he did not necessarily ascribe to a widely circulated e-mail message from the Israeli right-wing activist Ruth Matar, which includes the false assertion, If Obama were elected, he would be the first Arab-American president.
He said he had at least come to accept Mr. Obamas word that he had found Jesus Christ. His intent, he said, was only to educate.
